Apex games place weak players in the formal equivalent of a multiperson prisoner's dilemma in which each weak player must choose between competing against the other weak players for the opportunity to coalesce with the strong player or cooperating with the other weak players to produce a jointly preferable outcome. Punishments, not rewards, are predicted to be effective for enforcing cooperatio...

Abstract “Queer” is a relatively recent and somewhat controversial term in African studies. Yet it proving to be productive, not only for understanding subjectivities of sexuality gender, but also situating Africa’s position the larger economy knowledge. Otu van Klinken explore productive tensions between “queer” “Africa,” aim read Africa as queer from Africa. Thus, rather than imagining polar ...

tal hypertrophy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis). Am J Cardiol 35: 337, 1975 7. Tajik AJ, Giuliani ER: Echocardiographic observations in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 49: 89, 1974 8. Rossen RM, Goodman DJ, Ingham RE, Popp RL: Ventricular systolic septal thickening and excursion in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 291: 1317, 1974 9...

Is it rational to reduce criminal activities if punishments are increased? While intuition might suggest so, game theory concludes differently. From the game theoretical perspective, inspectors anticipate the effect of increased punishments on criminal behavior and reduce their inspection activities accordingly. This implies that higher punishments reduce inspections and do not affect crime rat...

How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there...