Trade relationships built through production chains appear to be lasting due to relation-specific nature of the transactions, compared with the usual transactions of goods sold on the open market. This paper aims to verify such stability of international production networks at the global level, with special emphasis on intra-East Asian trade. A series of survival analyses provide an evidence su...

afghanistan as the largest producer of drug in the world, after the events of september 11, 2001, and attack of international forces following the resolution of the un, has been increasingly important in international politics. the range of effects from illigal drug trade in afghanistan and the countries on the way of transition and trafficking target market, has caused special attention paid t...

the first season of survey at qeshm, carried out during the winter of 2006, resulted in the identification of nine sites from the parthian and sasanian periods. the surface pottery from these sites suggests their trade and cultural relations with contemporary sites in the southern persian gulf and other areas. for instance, the parthian and sasanian glazed types in qeshm island are closely re...

â â â â â â â â â â â â  abstract: â  as a result of recent developments, global economic centre of gravity has slide to asia-pacific region. it is predicted that asia-pacific countries will take place at the first row in global trade and nearly a half of the total trade will intensify in this region at the year 2030. on the other hand, the region covers countries from different levels of devel...

This paper investigates the remarkable extremes of growth experiences within countries and examines the changes that occur when growth starts and stops. We find two main results. First, virtually all but the very richest countries experience both growth miracles and failures over substantial periods. Second, growth accelerations and collapses are asymmetric phenomena. Collapses typically featur...

nfectious diseases continue to threaten global health security, despite decades of advances in hygiene, Ivaccination and antimicrobial therapies. Population growth, widespread international travel and trade, political instability and climate change have caused rapid changes in human populations, wildlife and agriculture, in turn increasing the risk of infection transmission within and between c...