Green bridges enable wildlife to pass through linear structures, especially freeways. The term migration potential is used to quantify their functionality. The proposed methodology for determining migration potential eliminates the mathematical, systematic and ecological inaccuracies of previous methodologies and provides a reliable tool for designers and environmentalists. The methodology is s...

Routing is a challenging issue in Mobile Ad hoc Network to pass the data packets through intermediate hops in an efficient manner. In this paper, Reactive routing protocols namely AODV and DSR are evaluated under the feasible placement and random placement models. Simulation results shows that AODV and DSR are performing better in feasible placement approach comparative to the existing random p...

For the better part of the past century, residential customers in the United States and many other countries have paid for electricity through a twopart tariff that has collected most of the revenue through a flat volumetric charge—that is, flat electricity rates paid in cents per kilowatt hour (¢/ kWh). In contrast, a large share of the cost of producing and delivering electricity does not var...

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

The methods of non-tariff regulation foreign economic activity, the effectiveness their implementation in practice, experience countries practice its advantages and disadvantages are studied. Suggestions made to develop activity.