Bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus is ubiquitous in cattle populations throughout the world. Strategies for controlling BVD virus infections are continually evolving. Current control procedures are based on identification and elimination of persistently infected cattle, which are a primary source of virus for non-infected cattle, and immunisation with killed or modified live virus vaccines. Add...

Viral disease and recent vaccination with single or combination modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines, especially those containing distemper virus, adenovirus 1 or 2, and parvovirus are increasingly recognized contributors, albeit relatively rare, to immune-mediated blood disease, bone marrow failure, and organ dysfunction. Potent adjuvanted killed vaccines like those for rabies virus also can tri...

Satisfactory protection against influenza can be obtained by the use of vaccines which contain prevalent strains of killed influenza virus (e.g. Hawkins, Hatch, and McDonald, 1956; Meiklejohn, 1962). The antigenic material is usually suspended either in saline or in a vehicle which has an adjuvant effect. Unfortunately the antibody response after saline vaccine is relatively transient, even whe...

Despite the advantages of DNA vaccines, overcoming their lower efficacy relative to that of conventional vaccines remains a challenge. Here, we constructed a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) envelope-coated, nonreplicable, baculovirus-based HA vaccine against swine influenza A/California/04/2009(H1N1) hemagglutin (HA) (AcHERV-sH1N1-HA) as an alternative to conventional vaccines and evaluated ...

An experimental approach to the immunoprophylatic control of feline oncornavirus-mediated diseases has included induction of antivirus immunity and antibodies to the feline oncornavirus-associated membrane (tumor) antigens. A suitable model for exploring the effectiveness of killed oncornavirus vaccines in the cat has been provided by the use of feline sarcoma virus. Immunization of seven pregn...

Objective(s): Brucellosis is a common infectious disease among animals and humans. While subunit vaccines could be used as an efficient strategy against pathogens, they usually seem to be less immunogenic than live or killed vaccines. However, the use of a suitable adjuvant accompanied by subunit vaccines can be a good alternative to enhance the immune response.Materials and Methods: To find a ...

Antibody production and clinical efficacy (relative percent survival RPS) were measured in 40±5g rainbow trout after immunization with two types of Streptococcus iniae vaccines consisting of formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC enriched with the bacterial extracellular products (ECP) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p), immersion and oral routes at 16±1°C for 18 weeks. No sig...

Of all infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. Recent advances in understanding the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and the immune response of the infected host have led to the development of several new vaccines, a number of which are already undergoing clinical trials. These include pre-exposure prime va...

A first-generation oral inactivated whole-cell enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine, comprising formalin-killed ETEC bacteria expressing different colonization factor (CF) antigens combined with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), when tested in phase III studies did not significantly reduce overall (generally mild) ETEC diarrhea in travelers or children although it reduced more severe ET...

The antibody response of mice to a smooth strain of Salmonella typhimurium was shown previously to be extremely rapid and potent. As measured by the complement-mediated bactericidal reaction, it was also found to be highly specific as well as reproducible. Experiments which studied the effects of antigen type (live or heat-killed), antigen dose, and the route of immunization indicated that the ...