A common belief in phenomenological strain gradient plasticity modeling is that including the of scalar variables constitutive setting leads to size-dependent isotropic hardening, whereas second-order tensors induces kinematic hardening. The present paper shows it also possible produce hardening using scalar-based theory. For this purpose, a new model involving equivalent plastic developed and ...

A phenomenological macroscopic plasticity model is developed for steels that exhibit strain-induced austenite-to-martensite transformation. The model makes use of a stress-state dependent transformation kinetics law that accounts for both the effects of the stress triaxiality and the Lode angle on the rate of transformation. The macroscopic strain hardening is due to nonlinear kinematic hardeni...