Background: Forces applied to knots used for interrupted vs. continuous closures are very different. We studied the knot strength and knot security of three knots when simulating a continuous wound closure: the square, the sliding, and a hybrid constructed using a surgeon’s square knot followed by a sliding knot. Materials and Methods: Knot holding capacity (KHC) of single-strand 1-0 polypropyl...

background carbapenemes are a good choice for treatment of infections caused by multidrug resistant pseudomonads aeruginosa. the emergence of carbapenem resistance has become a major problem in treatment of this organism especially among immunocompromised patients including burn patients. objectives the aim of this study was to investigate carbapenem-resistance mechanisms among burn patients in...

The 2-bridge knots (or links) are a family of knots with bridge number 2. A 2bridge knot (link) has at most 2 components. Except for the knot 85, the first 25 knots in the Rolfsen Knot Table are 2-bridge knots. A 2-bridge knot is also called a rational knot because it can be obtained as the numerator or denominator closure of a rational tangle. The rich mathematical aspects of 2-bridge knots ca...

Generalized knot groups Gn(K) were introduced independently by Kelly (1991) and Wada (1992). We prove that G2(K) determines the unoriented knot type and sketch a proof of the same for Gn(K) for n > 2. 1. The 2–generalized knot group Generalized knot groups were introduced independently by Kelly [5] and Wada [10]. Wada arrived at these group invariants of knots by searching for homomorphisms of ...

We study the size distribution of spontaneous knots on semiflexible chains confined in square cross-section channels using Monte Carlo simulations. The most probable knot size, i.e. the metastable knot size, is found to vary nonmonotonically with the channel size. In the case of weak confinement, the metastable knot size is larger than the knot size in bulk because the segments within the knot ...

We introduce two numerical invariants, the waist and the trunk of knots. The waist of a closed incompressible surface in the complement of a knot is defined as the minimal intersection number of all compressing disks for the surface in the 3-sphere and the knot. Then the waist of a knot is defined as the maximal waist of all closed incompressible surfaces in the complement of the knot. On the o...

A new method is presented to deal with shape optimization problems. In this method, the geometry is parameterized by B-spline shape functions with the control points of the B-spline curves becoming the design variables in the optimization scheme. The core idea of the method presented is to introduce the knot insertion algorithm which can keep the geometry unchanged whilst increasing the number ...

Article history: Received 17 March 2011 Received in revised form 24 November 2011 Accepted 29 November 2011 Available online 7 December 2011

Kishino's knot is not detected by the fundamental group or the bracket polynomial; these invariants cannot differentiate between Kishino's knot and the unknot. However, we can show that Kishino's knot is not equivalent to unknot by applying either the 3-strand bracket polynomial or the surface bracket polynomial. In this paper, we construct two non-trivial virtual knot diagrams, K D and K m , t...