Abstract Widespread use of the Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT) in L2 studies individual differences implicitly assumes that aptitude is a distinct cognitive facet. There considerable evidence for prediction from L1 abilities to learning. In this longitudinal study, L1-MLAT-L2 relations were examined 307 US secondary students based on six and measures language literacy, MLAT. Mediation regr...

the purpose of the present study was to identify any significant relationship between critical thinking ability, l2 vocabulary knowledge, and l2 vocabulary learning strategies of iranian efl learners. to this aim, the productive vocabulary levels test was administered to measure the learner’s l2 vocabulary knowledge and observe homogeneity in terms of vocabulary knowledge. at the second stage, ...

Pyrrolyl squaraines, both dyes and polymers, were first reported in 1965 and since then a fascinating body of work has been produced investigating the chemistry of these interesting molecules. A major aspect of these molecules that makes them so appealing to those researchers who have contributed to this field over the last 50 years is their chemical versatility. In this review, subjects, such ...

The efforts were made in the present study to seek two objectives: determining the effect of Telegram as a social network on second language achievement of Iranian foreign language (EFL) learners, and exploring the EFL learner’ attitude toward using Telegram for language learning purposes. To this end, 40 EFL learners were randomly selected and then divided into two groups of experimental and c...

Willingness to communicate and motivation can be two important affective variables to cause success in language achievement. The current study aimed to investigate the role of willingness to communicate (WTC) and second language motivational self-system (L2MSS) in relation to learners’ language achieve- ment. To this end, 100 homogeneous learners both male and female aged from 16 to 20 were cho...

A chromophore in which zinc porphyrin donors are linked through their meso positions by ethynyl bridges to a bis(indolinylidenemethyl) squaraine core has been synthesized using Sonogashira coupling. The chromophore exhibits a two-photon absorption spectrum characterized by a peak cross section of 11,000 GM and, more unusually, also exhibits a large cross section of >780 GM over a photon-wavelen...