the field of elt is constantly witnessing the introduction of new instructional approaches: one such perhaps recent initiative is critical discourse analysis (cda). accordingly, the present study was an attempt to investigate the impact of cda instruction on iranian efl learners’ descriptive and argumentative writing ability. to fulfill the aforementioned purpose, a sample toefl was primarily p...

It is generally assumed that speakers of grammatical gender languages consider grammatical gender arbitrary, but this assumption has never been tested. Research shows that the grammatical gender of nouns can affect perceptions of the masculinity or femininity of the noun's referent in speakers of languages with masculine and feminine noun classes. However, bilingualism facilitates the developme...

The sway of the pendulum in language pedagogy towards conscious learning processes marks the paramount role of metalinguistic awareness. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to compare the impact of teacher-oriented vs. learner-generated metalinguistic awareness activities on Iranian TEFL students’ writing accuracy. Sixty participants in three intact classes were randomly assigned a...

OBJECTIVES Listeners use their knowledge of how language is structured to aid speech recognition in everyday communication. When it comes to children with congenital hearing loss severe enough to warrant cochlear implants (CIs), the question arises of whether these children can acquire the language knowledge needed to aid speech recognition, in spite of only having spectrally degraded signals a...

This paper investigates how language awareness influences the writing abilities of bilingual heritage speakers. The study includes 175 9th and 10th graders with Italian, Greek, or Turkish as their L1 German an early L2. analysis is based on a corpus narrative argumentative texts in L2 test to explore semantic, pragmatic, textual knowledge that was administered both languages. We found students’...

This paper considers the currently fashionable notion of language awareness: what it is, where it comes from, and how far it is pedagogically valid. Awareness (of language as grammatical code) was central to language learning in grammar-translation methodology, but was played down in both structural and communicative language teaching. A communicative approach implied, however, a need to become...

Cognitive linguists contend that learners’ awareness of motivations is the key in not only second language acquisition but also figurative language learning. Two cognitive-oriented methods are proposed to raise L2 learners’ awareness on metaphoric/metonymic expressions and to enhance retention: instruction involving conceptual metaphors (CM) and instruction involving metaphoric mappings (MM). T...

Transportation is considered as one of the main human needs in any country for macro-level planning. Due to increased production of vehicles, problems and issues associated with transportation systems have been taken on wider dimensions. Thanks to rapid technological developments, Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have been used to provide effective opportunities for enhancing the safety of ro...