in the third season excavation of lama cemetery (chal shahin lama), a cylindrical seal with inscription was found and because of its significance, it was introduced, compared and analyzed. existence of this seal indicates the continuation of nomadic practices of the people of this cemetery in spite of change of material culture (for example, ceramic). the seal of lama and its grave reflect the ...

Handles of Early Iron Age bronze cauldrons from southwestern Siberia are described with reference to their ritual meaning. Typological features, such as knobs, arcuate, or square shape, relevant for dating. Two chronological groups established: the Tagar (second half 1st millennium BC) and Xiongnu-Xianbei (late BC early AD). The interpretation handles depends on context. At settlements (Turunov...