BACKGROUND A posterolateral calf free flap is anatomically assessed and its usefulness for intraoral reconstruction is described. METHODS Records of 42 cadaver dissections including anatomic parameters of the superficial lateral sural artery serving as pedicle were analyzed. Data of 20 patients with primary oral cancer who underwent reconstructions with posterolateral calf free flaps are pres...

Introduction Gastrocnemius is the most superficial muscle of the posterior crural region. It arises by two tendinous heads from the femur. The lateral head originates from the lateral surface of the lateral condyle and the medial head originates from a rough area on the popliteal surface above the medial condyle. The lateral head frequently contains a small sesamoid bone, the fabella. The media...

PURPOSE It has been shown that by carefully removing the crural fascias attachment to the calcaneus approximately half the torque produced by the posterior Biceps Femoris (pBF) was lost [1, 2, 3]. Therefore, our objective is to quantify and characterize the role of the crural fascia in transmitting forces from muscles across joints thereby exploring its role in intra-limb coordination and stabi...

OBJECTIVES Hyperhomocysteinaemia is an independent risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The localization of peripheral arterial disease is clinically relevant, because proximal (aortoiliac and femoropopliteal) disease is associated with a particularly poor overall prognosis, whereas isolated distal (i.e. crural) disease is associated with a better overall prognosis. The aim of the...

Previous studies have shown in awake dogs that activity in the crural diaphragm, but not in the costal diaphragm, usually persists after the end of inspiratory airflow. It has been suggested that this difference in postinspiratory activity results from greater muscle spindle content in the crural diaphragm. To evaluate the relationship between muscle spindles and postinspiratory activity, we ha...

BACKGROUND Tip-plasty is a particularly challenging stage of aesthetic nose surgery. The diversity of nasal tip deformities has necessitated the development of numerous surgical techniques that can be difficult to master and may yield unpredictable surgical results when combined. OBJECTIVES The authors describe how concomitant overlap steal tip-plasty (COST) can enable surgeons to address all...

OBJECTIVE To describe the anatomical relationship of the sural sensory nerve complex to the posterior crural intermuscular septum (PS), the key anatomical structure for the osteoseptocutaneous fibula skin paddle. DESIGN Anatomical study. SUBJECTS Twenty-two legs from 11 cadavers (7 females and 4 males). RESULTS The lateral sural cutaneous (LSC) nerve, present in 20 of 22 legs, divides int...

Compensating crural anastomoses develop in patients with multi-level occlusion of the calf arteries in the course of atherosclerosis, arteriitis, diabetes, and in vascular malformations of the limbs. The peroneal artery is frequently the only patent calf vessel, especially in diabetic patients who have advanced tibial occlusive disease. The purpose of this study was to identify different types ...

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the angiographic manifestations of lower extremity atherosclerotic steno-occlusive disease in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods. A total of 162 patients with diabetes were enrolled in this study. The angiographic findings of lower extremity arterial lesions were evaluated according to location (iliac, femoral, popliteal, and crural artery),...