P ower consumption is now the major technical problem facing the semiconductor industry. In comments on this problem at the 2002 International Electron Devices Meeting, Intel chairman Andrew Grove cited off-state current leakage in particular as a limiting factor in future microprocessor integration. 1 Off-state leakage is static power, current that leaks through transistors even when they are ...

The DRAM cells consist of one or several MOSFET devices and the subthreshold leakage current through the MOSFET strongly depends on the temperature variation. Therefore, it is obvious that the leakage of a memory cell is highly related to temperature variation. The temperature of the circuit can be measured indirectly by using leakage sensors which can be applied to various VLSI circuits becaus...

Legume seeds are often sown on standing rice crops a few weeks before harvest (relay cropping). Seeds cannot germinate in waterlogged soil under relay sowing as oxygen is depleted. However, may survive waterlogging if the can initiate anaerobic respiration, have large seed reserve such carbohydrates, perform slow water uptake during imbibition and small size. An example of crop that respiration...

Utility engineers and consultants use relay models to select the relay types suited for a particular application, and to analyze the performance of relays that appear to either operate incorrectly or fail to operate on the occurrence of a fault. Instead of using actual prototypes, manufacturers use relay model designing to expedite and economize the process of developing new relays. Electric po...

Cooperative relaying is accepted as a promising solution to achieve high data rates over large areas in the future 4G wireless system. In this paper, an adaptive cooperative relay selection algorithm (ACRSA) is presented for fixed relay based cellular networks. According to current user density in a certain cell, when two-hop transmission is adopted, ACRSA adapts selectively between two differe...

This paper aims to measure and analyze of the leakage current of 20 kV polymer and porcelain metal oxide surge arresters under humid ambient conditions by applying different voltages to the arresters terminal. The characteristics of the leakage currents at that stage have been investigated when changes in the ambient humidity were introduced in an artificial fog chamber. It is assumed that magn...

This paper presents logic level estimators of leakage current for nanoscale digital standard cell circuits. Here the proposed estimation model is based on the characterization of internal node voltages of cells and the characterization of leakage current in a single Field-Effect Transistor (FET). Finally the estimation model allowed direct implementation of supply voltage variation impact on le...

The high leakage current in deep submicron regimes is becoming a significant contributor to the power dissipation of CMOS circuits as the threshold voltage, channel length, and gate oxide thickness are reduced. Consequently, the identification and modeling of different leakage components is very important for the estimation and reduction of leakage power, especially in the low power application...