religious texts have divided to texts of quran's verses and traditions of imams. some of the fundamentalists have diversity of opinions in mentioned comprehensible texts and they have proposed different theories in it. although dispute of this group of fundamentalists in religious texts is also minor premise and major but recent research is related to dispute of major. the intention of dis...

Understanding the causes of interstate conflict continues to be a primary goal of the field of international relations. To that end, scholars continue to rely on large datasets of conflict in the international system. This paper introduces the latest iteration in the most widely used dataset on interstate conflicts, the Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) 4 data. In this paper we first outline...

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has attracted a great deal of attention amongst the legal and construction professions of the UK construction industry since the mid1980s. Not only does ADR provide an opportunity to resolve disputes more efficiently than the traditional methods of arbitration and litigation, but it also provides increased scope for the involvement of non-lawyers. Constructi...

This paper investigates how contract structure influences interfirm dispute resolution processes and outcomes by examining a unique dataset consisting of over 150,000 pages of documents relating to 102 business disputes. We find that the level of contract detail affects the type of dispute resolution approach that is adopted when conflict arises, and that different approaches are associated wit...

— In order to have drinking water, some countries have to use chlorine. It is use cause is effective and it's cheap. An alternative to this process is the UV disinfection of drinking water. Most of the devices in the market use UV bulbs or mercury lamps. The UV LED, which is cheaper and smaller, allows creating new smaller devices. The main contribution of this paper is the use of Genetic Algor...

the legal texts of wto consist of about 60 agreements, annexes, decisions and understandings containing so many obligations which should be observed and enforced by member states. enforcement of these numereous obligations requires effective dispute settlement mechanisms to guarantee the proper function of the system. in wto two main mechanisms have been designed for this purpose. the first is ...

In Indonesia, the Constitutional Court has power to decide dispute over result of national election, including that regional head election. practice, exercises with so-called pseudo-judicial review for election dispute. This study aims analyse rationale implement a result, given judicial activism also is limited checks and balances. It links theoretical basis rule-breaking by Court, transition ...

Abstract The Macedonia name dispute was resolved in 2018 with the signing of Prespa Agreement. Ambassador Nimetz – one key players solution efforts queried recently “Why did it take us so long?”, echoing confusion foreign observers about what has routinely been seen as an incomprehensible spat. This article provides more context past intractability by focusing on role Greek public opinion. Taki...

Abstract An investor–State tribunal formed under a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) may be called upon to determine its jurisdiction ratione temporis based on various ‘critical dates’ such as: the date of entry into force BIT; when was made; investor acquired requisite nationality; alleged breach; first knowledge breach and loss; and/or dispute arose. When confronted with temporal issues, trib...