With the increasing use of AI in algorithmic decision making (e.g. based on neural networks), question arises how bias can be excluded or mitigated. There are some promising approaches, but many them a ”fair” ground truth, others subjective goal to reached, which leads usual problem define and compute ”fairness”. The different functioning contrast human shift from process-oriented result-orient...

Various kinds of normative judgments are an integral part of everyday life. We extended the scrutiny of social cognitive neuroscience into the domain of legal decisions, investigating two groups, lawyers and other academics, during moral and legal decision-making. While we found activation of brain areas comprising the so-called 'moral brain' in both conditions, there was stronger activation in...

Legal reasoning is one of the most obvious application areas for computational models of argumentation as the exchange of arguments and counterarguments is the established means for making decisions in law. In this paper we employ Defeasible Logic Programming (DeLP) for representing legal cases and for giving decision-support, exemplary for private law. We give a formalization of legal provisio...

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is being used to argue for wider recognition of the legal capacity of people with mental disabilities. This raises a question about the implications of the Convention for attributions of criminal responsibility. The present paper works towards an answer by analysing the relationship between legal capacity in relatio...

Users of commercial legal information retrieval (IR) systems often want argument retrieval (AR): retrieving not merely sentences with highlighted terms, but arguments and argument-related information. Using a corpus of argumentannotated legal cases, we conducted a baseline study of current legal IR systems in responding to standard queries. We identify ways in which they cannot meet the need fo...

We mentioned previously that legal standards for appropriate informed consent disclosure of information often differ from moral standards. In this section we examine legal standards. Unfortunately or not, there are many different legal systems in the United States. Each state has its own set of laws, and in each judges are bound by different precedents. In the United States, as in countries lik...

Similar to the triaging of patients by health care workers, legal and public health professionals must prioritize and respond to issues of law and ethics in declared public health emergencies. As revealed by the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza outbreak and other events, there are considerable inconsistencies among professionals regarding how to best approach these issues during a public health emergen...

Holmes launched the highly successful American school of legal realism with his remark that "law" consists of "prophecies of what the courts will do in fact." [FN1] Later writers amended this proposition to include all officials, since decisions by judges constitute only a fraction of authoritative decisionmaking. [FN2] In its heyday, realism stimulated many proposals for legal reform and socia...

Using a unique sample of Chinese bank loans over the period 2007-2012, we analyze the repayment decisions of borrowing firms whose cash holdings are high enough to cover the maturing loans. We find that at the firm level weak legal enforcement increases the likelihood for these firms to default on its loan obligations. The impact of legal enforcement becomes stronger when firms face tighter fin...

In recent years, many empirical studies of legal decision-making process have shown that it incorporates many cognitive, affective, and supra-legal factors. Our goal is to design artificial intelligence systems that model these aspects of legal decision-making. Our vision is to implement a kind of legal assistant that can be used by lawyers and judges to run through different scenarios and prod...