The levator scapulae muscle typically runs from the transverse process of the atlas to the superior angle of the scapula. In this paper, we describe a rare finding identified during a dissection of a male cadaver, wherein a continuation of the right levator scapulae ran past its normal attachment to the C1 transverse process, fusing with the inferior attachment of the rectus capitis lateralis m...

1. While recording from a slow tarsal levator motor neurone of the locust metathoracic ganglion, a second neurone of this type was discovered in the same half of the ganglion. In thirty animals from which recordings were subsequently made, the additional neurone was found in only oae. 2. Since two motor neurones could not be found routinely, other tests were made to determine how many motor neu...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify imaging markers for genuine stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse by using magnetic resonance imaging and reconstructed 3-dimensional models. STUDY DESIGN Thirty women were studied, 10 with prolapse, 10 with genuine stress incontinence, and 10 asymptomatic volunteers. Axial and sagittal T1 and T2 weighted pelvic magnetic resonance scans ...

We employed RU 38486, a potent and selective antiglucocorticoid, to study a possible role for endogenous glucocorticoids in atrophy of the levator ani muscle secondary to castration of male rats. RU 38486 was shown to block [3H]triamcinolone acetonide binding to cytosol from levator ani muscle. Daily oral administration of RU 38486 to castrated rats partially prevented atrophy of the levator an...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether major levator ani muscle defects were associated with differences in postoperative vaginal support after primary surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP). METHODS A retrospective chart review of a subgroup of patients in the Organ Prolapse and Levator (OPAL) study. Of the 247 women recruited into OPAL, 107 underwent surgery for prolapse and were the cohort for the...

Facial musculature is divided into masticatory muscles, i.e. M. masseter and M. buccalis, with bony insertions and smaller facial muscles involved in facial expression, which insert into bone and skin. There are four fixed osteocutaneous points of the face, i.e. zygomatic (Mac Gregor), mandibular (Furnas), orbital (Psillakis), and masseteric with an antigravitational effect and functional role ...

Loss of chelipeds in crustaceans results in severe atrophy of the major muscle responsible for lifting the limb, the anterior levator. We decided to test if this loss of mechanical load altered muscle phenotype as measured by SDS-PAGE analysis of levator total protein and actomyosin fractions. Levator muscles of adult crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, with either functional regenerate limbs or lac...

A modified simple technique of sling operation is presented in 15 cases using the levator aponeurosis as the material for the sling as originally devised by Lemagne and Bemcher. The levator is cut behind the superior transverse ligament and the posterior part of the levator is cauterised and allowed to retract into the orbit. The horns are cut from behind forwards, and the levator, which is kep...