This position paper argues the need to develop provenances, and provenance systems, in such a way that errors in the provenance (whether deliberate or not) can be detected and corrected. The requirement that a provenance have high assurance leads to some suggestions about the way a provenance should be constructed.

In etiologic research, the goal is to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on a disease outcome, which means the result that would be obtained in a large randomized trial with perfect adherence if exposure could be assigned without regard to the baseline characteristics of the study participants. But there is no reason to think that effects must be homogeneous across units in a randomized ...

traditionalists of european literature in the sixteenth century ad, were trying to restore that literary heritage due to technical and human theme of the ancient greek literature since modernists began to confront the traditionalists by the the end of the seventeenth century and invited them to avoid old formats and to define literature and poetry in another way. since then, persian and arabic ...

instrumentalism (in the science) refers to a view that considers scientific theories as nothing more than instruments for prediction. sometimes the traces of this attitude have been searched in the writings of plato and aristotle; but mostly the pioneers of the theory have been thought to be the priests who regarded the scientific propositions as mere hypothesis, in order to defend religious do...

Genus Salsola, a genus of annual semi-dwarf to dwarf shrubs and woody tree species, is widely distributed across the arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Several features like high fodder value, abundant seed production, tolerance to extreme climatic conditions like high temperature and prolonged drought conditions contributed significantly towards its success as a potential forage species in...