Objective: To evaluate the effect o f reflexo logy on symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) in a randomized, sham-contro lled clinical tr ial. Methods: Seventy-one MS patients were randomized to either study or contro l group, to receive an 11-week treatment. Reflexology treatment included manual pressure on specific points in the feet and massage of the calf area. The contro l group received non...

This paper compares the advantages and disadvantages o f the "pre-planned" and "postplanned" approaches to evaluating program effectiveness. These evaluative approaches are compared along a number o f dimensions which include: (a) Reliability o f data and the cost o f collecting it; (b) Internal validity; (c) External validity; (d) Evaluation obtrusiveness and threat; and (e) Program goal displ...

1 This research was supported by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada and Communication and Information Technologies Ontario. At the University of Toronto, I have received support from the Centre for Urban and C ommun ity Studies, the Department of Socio logy, and the Knowled ge Media Design Institute. I would like to express my appreciation to B arry Wellman, my collabo...

The new epoch of the 21th century develops new globally interrelated and interacting high-tech and cyberspace based civilizations and rapid transitions and other interactions between old and new models of life, orientation and behavior. Bio-logy and socio-logy describe bios as interrelated interactions of living beings and biotopes, natural, cultural, technical. The concept of bio-ethics in the...

Beta casein 1s a major «1 Ik protein produced by the lactating mammary gland and I t s gene expression 1s hormonally controlled ( 1 ) . cDKAs encoding mouse beta casein wore Isolated from a muse maoaary gland l ibrary prepared as described ( 2 ) , using a short cONA clona of mouse beta casein (1) as a hybridization probe. The longest cDNA clone was chossn and the DNA sequence of each strand was...