Introduction: Modelling the dynamic evolution of the interior of the Moon is intrinsically linked to the density of lunar materials at high pressures and temperatures. Lunar magma density variations during crystallisation of the lunar magma ocean are particularly important, since the formation of plagioclase-rich highland rocks and mare basalts are related to density differences between lunar m...

The morphology shape and texture of dust fractions of five Apollo lunar soils and a lunar dust simulant, JSC-1Avf, was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Shape aspect ratio and complexity of particles was described based on the two-dimensional projection images. The distributions of aspect ratio and complexity of particles are reported. It was determined that the Apollo lunar dust part...

Remote sensing discoveries of hydroxyl and water on the lunar surface have reshaped our view of the distribution of water and related compounds on airless bodies such as the Moon1–3. The origin of this surface water is unclear4, but it has been suggested that hydroxyl in the lunar regolith can result from the implantation of hydrogen ions by the solar wind1,5. Here we present Fourier transform ...

Forty years ago, Apollo astronauts placed the first of several retroreflector arrays on the lunar surface. Their continued usefulness for laser ranging might suggest that the lunar environment does not damage optical devices. However, new laser ranging data reveal that the efficiency of the three Apollo reflector arrays is now diminished by a factor of 10 at all lunar phases and by an additiona...

On 21 July 1969, during the first manned lunar mission, Apollo 11, the first retroreflector array was placed on the moon, enabling highly accurate measurements of the Earthmoon separation by means of laser ranging. Lunar laser ranging (LLR) turns the Earthmoon system into a laboratory for a broad range of investigations, including astronomy, lunar science, gravitational physics, geodesy, and ge...

Drilling samples of lunar soil is an important and indispensable part of China’s lunar exploration project. The drill bit temperature during the drilling process is one of the key concerns for scholars, especially for the hard lunar rock drilling in vacuum. In this article, the simulation analysis of drilling in atmosphere and vacuum is conducted. Moreover, a fiber grating temperature measuring...

Prospecting for Lunar Oxygen with Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and Multispectral Imaging C. C. Allen, C. M. Weitz, and D. S. McKay ...........................................................................19 Reliability of Calculating Average Soil Composition of Apollo Landing Sites A. Basu and S. Riegsecker ...............................................................................................

Paleomagnetic analyses of lunar samples indicate that the Moon had a dynamo-generated magnetic field with ~50 μT surface field intensities between 3.85 and 3.56 Ga followed by a period of much lower (≤ ~5 μT) intensities that persisted beyond 2.5 Ga. However, we determine herein that there is insufficient energy associated with core convection—the process commonly recognized to generate long-li...

OBJECTIVES Ramadan is the ninth month on the lunar calendar and it is a holy month for Muslims during which all healthy adults must fast from dawn to sunset. The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis is thought to be higher during Ramadan fasting due to insulin and glucagon alterations. METHODS A descriptive retrospective analysis of the records of all patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis to ...