[1] We report some of the first noble gas data for in situ lower oceanic crust and shallow mantle. From a suite of gabbros and peridotites recovered from the Atlantis Bank oceanic core complex on the Southwest Indian Ridge, we measured He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe concentrations as well as He/He and Ar/Ar ratios, there by documenting the noble gas content and signature of oceanic lithosphere. Except f...

The appearance of the earliest felsic crust can be estimated by dating zircons and rocks tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) composition. However, necessary geodynamic processes that form basis for metamorphism differentiation as well role emerging TTG on evolving crustal dynamics is still poorly understood. To investigate formation with composition, we conduct a detailed analysis series p...

We prove a structure theorem for the connected coassociative magmatic bialgebras. The space of primitive elements is an algebra over an operad called the primitive operad. We prove that the primitive operad is magmatic generated by n − 2 operations of arity n. The dimension of the space of all the n-ary operations of this primitive operad turns out to be the Fine number Fn−1. In short, the trip...

Porphyry deposits are copper-rich orebodies formed by precipitation of metal sulphides from hydrothermal fluids released from magmatic intrusions that cooled at depth within the Earth's crust. Finding new porphyry deposits is essential because they are our largest source of copper and they also contain other strategic metals including gold and molybdenum. However, the discovery of giant porphyr...