the function of genes coding for transmembrane ion channels and transporters expressed in specialised cells of the cochlea and vestibule. We have characterised the expression patterns of zebrafish genes orthologous to those involved in endolymph production in the mammal and find that the major site of expression of these genes in the developing ear is in the epithelial projections that form the...

the function of genes coding for transmembrane ion channels and transporters expressed in specialised cells of the cochlea and vestibule. We have characterised the expression patterns of zebrafish genes orthologous to those involved in endolymph production in the mammal and find that the major site of expression of these genes in the developing ear is in the epithelial projections that form the...

BACKGROUND : Pancreatic injury occurs in from 3% to 12% of patients with abdominal trauma. In many instances, a lack of impressive findings in the first 24 hours leads to a delay in diagnosis. Because pancreatic duct disruption is the major cause of traumatic pancreatitis, we evaluated our experience with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients suspected of having of h...

sialolithiasis is a common disease of the major salivary glands, characterized by the obstruction of a salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of calcareous concretions. sialoliths usually measure from 1 mm to <10 mm. they rarely measure more than 15 mm, and infrequently giant salivary gland calculi >15 mm have been reported in the literature. the submandibular gland and its d...

The management of stenoses of the major salivary glands had undergone a significant change during the last 15-20 years. Accurate diagnosis forms the basis of adapted minimal invasive therapy. Conventional sialography and MR-sialography are useful examination tools, and ultrasound seems to be a first-line investigational tool if salivary duct stenosis is suspected as cause of gland obstruction. ...

The most common causes of chylothorax are neoplasmparticularly lymphoma-and trauma. The usual presenting symptom is dyspnea resulting from the accumulation of pleural fluid. The diagnosis of chylothorax is established by measuring triglyceride levels in the pleural fluid; a triglyceride level of greater than 110 mg/dL supports the diagnosis. The initial approach to management involves chest tub...

116 SAJS VOL. 51 NO. 4 NOVEMBER 2013 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred and most widely used method of removal of the gallbladder in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Although the technique was introduced more than 20 years ago, bile duct injuries occurring as a consequence of the procedure remain a major problem in surgical practice. Bile leaks after laparoscopic cholecystec...

An experimental study on the changes in the pancreatic exocrine functions before and after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for the treatment of periampullary carcinoma was performed. Pancreatic insufficiency models with pancreatic duct stenosis was prepared with dogs by giving them complete ligation of the minor pancreatic duct and intubation into the major pancreatic duct. After 3 months of pancr...

Because it offers several advantages over open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has largely replaced open cholecystectomy for the management of symptomatic gallstone disease. The only potential disadvantage is a higher incidence of major bile duct injury. Although prevention of these biliary injuries is ideal, when they do occur, early identification and appropriate treatment are c...