Biosorption of monovalent ions Na+ and K+, by deactivated protonated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at controlled pH, was compared with biosorption of divalent ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ to help to understand the underlying bindingmechanisms. The adsorption for monovalent ions was accompanied by H+ release. Divalent ions were sorbed by proton displacement, and also an additional mode not accompanied ...

Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) Car-Parrinello simulations were performed to estimate the coordination numbers of K(+) and Na(+) ions in the selectivity filter of the KcsA channel, and in water. At the DFT/BLYP level, K(+) ions were found to display an average coordination number of 6.6 in the filter, and 6.2 in water. Na(+) ions displayed an average coordination number of 5.2 in ...

Crystal structures of several bacterial Na(v) channels have been recently published and molecular dynamics simulations of ion permeation through these channels are consistent with many electrophysiological properties of eukaryotic channels. Bacterial Na(v) channels have been characterized as functionally asymmetric, and the mechanism of this asymmetry has not been clearly understood. To address...

In principle, an ion channel needs no more than a single gate, but a pump requires at least two gates that open and close alternately to allow ion access from only one side of the membrane at a time. In the Na+,K+-ATPase pump, this alternating gating effects outward transport of three Na+ ions and inward transport of two K+ ions, for each ATP hydrolysed, up to a hundred times per second, genera...

In principle, an ion channel needs no more than a single gate, but a pump requires at least two gates that open and close alternately to allow ion access from only one side of the membrane at a time. In the Na,K-ATPase pump, this alternating gating effects outward transport of three Na ions and inward transport of two K ions, for each ATP hydrolysed, up to a hundred times per second, generating...

Na ion batteries (NIBs) are considered as a promising low cost and sustainable energy storage technology. To better design nanoporous carbons as anode materials for NIBs, molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to study the behavior of Na+ ions (as well as PF6- ions) confined within carbon nanopores, in the presence of non-aqueous (organic) solvent. The effects of pore size and surfac...

Large-scale electric energy storage is fundamental to the use of renewable energy. Recently, research and development efforts on room-temperature sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have been revitalized, as NIBs are considered promising, low-cost alternatives to the current Li-ion battery technology for large-scale applications. Herein, we introduce a novel layered oxide cathode material, Na0.78Ni0.23...

Type IIa/b Na(+)-coupled inorganic phosphate cotransporters (NaPi-IIa/b) are considered to be exclusively Na(+) dependent. Here we show that Li(+) can substitute for Na(+) as a driving cation. We expressed NaPi-IIa/b in Xenopus laevis oocytes and performed two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology and uptake assays to investigate the effect of external Li(+) on their kinetics. Replacement o...

Interactions of the three transported Na ions with the Na/K pump remain incompletely understood. Na/K pump crystal structures show that the extended C terminus of the Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) alpha subunit directly contacts transmembrane helices. Deletion of the last five residues (KETYY in almost all Na/K pumps) markedly lowered the apparent affinity for Na activation of pump pho...

The efflux of sodium (Na(+)) ions across the plasma membrane of plant root cells into the external medium is surprisingly poorly understood. Nevertheless, Na(+) efflux is widely regarded as a major mechanism by which plants restrain the rise of Na(+) concentrations in the cytosolic compartments of root cells and, thus, achieve a degree of tolerance to saline environments. In this review, severa...