Historically, imprisoned Black male converts to Islam have been known for their narratives of redemption and struggles for religious freedom behind bars. While Islam possesses a strong visible presence throughout predominately Black areas of inner cities, it has become a natural feature of Black popular culture in mediums such as hip-hop, film, and literature. By the 1990s, the portrayal of Isl...

of an address by Doctor Malcolm. Dublin Medical Press, 34, 317.

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Malcolm Todd, Die Germanen. Von den frühen Stammesverbänden zu Erben des Weströmischen Reichs, Stuttgart (Theiss) 2000. 270 S., zahlr. Abb.

Brett Malcolm Grainger, Church in the Wild: Evangelicals Antebellum America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019), 280 pp., $45 (hbk).

This paper unpacks the contradiction between benefits of literacy and punitive prison policies that seek to curb or regulate reading by beginning with complicated historical relationship incarceration literacy. I then turn testimonies two prominent incarcerated autodidacts who now regularly teach within my literature classes both on university campus at a men’s prison. The writings Malcolm X Et...