The two most significant approaches to redistricting to emerge in the last generation are both consequentialist. That is, they both urge authorities to design—and courts to evaluate—district plans on the basis of the plans’ likely electoral consequences. According to the partisan fairness approach, plans should treat the major parties symmetrically in terms of the conversion of votes to seats. ...

The purpose of this conceptual paper is to address the lack of consistent means through which strategies are identified and discussed across theoretical perspectives in the field of business strategy. A standardised referencing system is offered to codify the means by which strategies can be identified, from which new business services and information systems may be derived. This taxonomy was d...

Work is described which seeks to support multi agent mixed initiative interaction between a task assignment or command agent and a planning agent Each agent maintains an agenda of outstanding tasks it is engaged in and uses a common representation of tasks plans processes and activities based on the notion that these are all constraints on behaviour Interac tion between the agents uses explicit...

every time a visitor sets foot in an ecotourism site, he/she causes a negative impact. this is an unavoidable fact. an ecotourism program initiates many public use activities that will have impacts ,both positive and negative. an ecotourism management plan seeks to minimize the negative impacts.therefore monitoring and managing of visitor impacts are fundamental ecotourism management strategie...

naturally all activities are along with risk and uncertainties. project risk has the concept more than the financial concept. in project management, risks are events that can occur during the project implementation and has negative effects on project completion and meeting goals. identification, analysis, prioritizing and having plan for dealing with these events are playing an important role i...

Risk planning requires an organization global view, as it is strongly centered in the experience and knowledge acquired in former projects. The larger the experience of the project manager the better will be his ability in identifying risks, estimating their occurrence likelihood and impact, and defining the mitigation and contingency plans. However, project manager risk knowledge cannot stay i...

1. Enforcing the master problem formulation If constraint (16) is not included in formulation (15), the pricing problem may yield unfea-sible assortment patterns. However, as noted in §4.1, this constraint increases the pricing complexity, and is therefore unpractical. To limit the amount of unfeasible columns generated, one can observe that, due to (9), knapsack constraints of the form S⊆J |S|...

Poor nutrition is one of the major causes of ill-health and death in the western world and is caused by a variety of factors including lack of nutritional understanding and preponderance towards eating convenience foods. We wish to build systems which can recommend nutritious meal plans to users, however a crucial pre-requisite is to be able to recommend recipes that people will like. In this w...

While different governments worldwide have published sets of recommendations-or even laws-for increasing preparedness, a reference framework to assess the level of compliance of organizations is still to come. For instance, emergency plans often remain stored in closets where they stay until some emergency or major legal change occurs. Consequently, achieving actual preparedness is difficult to...