Adequate exposure of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) for carotid endarterectomy may be difficult to achieve because of the position of the mandible and associated soft tissues. A simple yet effective use of a head frame is described to gain several centimeters of exposure of the distal ICA. The patient's head and neck are fixed in an extension position using a radiolucent head frame. N...

The giant dobsonfly species Acanthacorydalis orientalis (McLachlan, 1899) is endemic to China and is well-known because of its remarkable large adult body size and enlarged male mandibles. However, the immature stages of this species, as well as all other Acanthacorydalis species are poorly known. In this paper we describe the last-instar larvae and pupae of A. orientalis for the first time. As...

A long-standing hypothesis for the adaptive radiation of macrostomatan snakes is that their enlarged gape--compared to both lizards and basal snakes--enables them to consume "large" prey. At first glance, this hypothesis seems plausible, or even likely, given the wealth of studies showing a tight match between maximum consumed prey mass and head size in snakes. However, this hypothesis has neve...

OBJECTIVE To define parameters that enable the objective diagnosis of anomalies of the position and/or size of the fetal mandible in utero. DESIGN Fetuses at 18-28 gestational weeks were examined by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. The study included normal fetuses and fetuses with syndromes associated with known mandible pathology: Pierre Robin sequence or complex (n = 8); hemifacial m...

PURPOSE To describe a new procedure assisted by digital techniques for secondary mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap. METHODS The 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction images for vessels were used to demonstrate the vascular diameter and location, which help select the most suitable vein and artery for anastomosis. Maxillary and mandibular stone models of the patient were fabricated a...

BACKGROUND Intraoperative assessment of neutral occipitocervical balance during a fusion procedure is challenging. We designed this study to introduce a more comprehensive method of evaluating the occipitocervical neutral position using lateral radiographs. METHODS One hundred neutral lateral cervical spine radiographs interpreted as normal were studied. Cervical spine radiographs were perfor...

Adult male Megacyllene robiniae (Förster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) that are paired with a female often are challenged by conspecific males that attempt to displace them. In staged laboratory bouts, challenging males used seven distinct tactics to displace defending males, including wedging their head between the defender and the female (termed wedging), straddling the mated pair and pulling t...

There is a substantial amount of evidence to support the theory that the spatial relationship of the mandible to the craniomaxillary complex is influenced, in part, by the function of the muscular elevators of the mandible. One factor acting on the elevators of the mandible is the rest position of the mandible, which may be influenced by the patient's mode of respiration. Obstruction of the nas...

Loss of continuity of the mandible leads to deviation of the residual segment towards the surgical site and alteration in muscle function. This results in facial asymmetry and malocclusion. A corrective device known as 'guide flange prosthesis' is indicated to limit this clinical manifestation. Guide flange prosthesis serves as a training device. It can successfully guide the patient to close t...