Historical biogeography can be divided into two subdisciplines: taxon biogeography and area biogeography. In the former we are interested in reconstructing the geographic distribution history of a particular group of organisms. Questions we may be interested in answering include: Where did the organisms originate? How did they colonize the areas in which they live today? When did they first com...

In this study, we aimed to identify molecular mechanisms involved in the specification of the 4d (mesentoblast) lineage in Platynereis dumerilii. We employ RT-PCR and in situ hybridization against the Platynereis dumerilii twist homolog (Pdu-twist) to reveal mesodermal specification within this lineage. We show that Pdu-twist mRNA is already maternally distributed. After fertilization, ooplasma...

objective: to analyze the trend in maternal mortality ratio in a tertiary care centre and the effect of various maternity schemes on it. materials and methods:  retrospective analysis of all maternal deaths occurring in the guru gobind singh medical college & hospital, faridkot, punjab, india was done from jan 2010 to dec 2012. every maternal death was scrutinized from various aspects like dire...

Ciliates are single-celled eukaryotes that harbor two kinds of nuclei. The germline micronuclei function only to perpetuate the genome during sexual reproduction; the macronuclei are polyploid, somatic nuclei that differentiate from the micronuclear lineage at each sexual generation. Macronuclear development involves extensive and reproducible rearrangements of the genome, including chromosome ...