The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a medical plant mixture and a probiotic on performance, antioxidant activity and weaning age of suckling Holstein calves. For this experiment, 30 newborn calves (0-10 days of age) with an average birth weight of 42 ± 8 kg were used in a factorial design (3×2) with 6 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: 1) basal diet including a ca...

Despite being set up in 1913 using a fund specifically earmarked for tuberculosis, the Medical Research Committee (renamed the Medical Research Council [MRC] in 1919) prioritised other areas of medical research. From 1920, the MRC did have three subcommittees concerned with tuberculosis: the Tuberculin Committee, the Bacteriology Committee and the Occupational Phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis) ...

To honor the wishes of an incapacitated patient, surrogate decision makers must predict the treatment decisions patients would make for themselves if able. Social psychological research, however, suggests that surrogates' own treatment preferences may influence their predictions of others' preferences. In 2 studies (1 involving 60 college student surrogates and a parent, the other involving 361...

BACKGROUND Miscarriage occurs in 10% to 15% of pregnancies. The traditional treatment, after miscarriage, has been to perform surgery to remove any remaining pregnancy tissues in the uterus. However, it has been suggested that drug-based medical treatments, or expectant care (no treatment), may also be effective, safe and acceptable. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness, safety and acceptab...

The assessment of the effectiveness of a treatment in a clinical trial, depends on calculating p-values. However, p-values are only indirect and partial indicators of a genuine effect. Particularly in situations where publication bias is very likely, assessment using a p-value of 0.05 may not be sufficiently cautious. In other situations it seems reasonable to believe that assessment based on p...

Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. HCC incidence has doubled over the last 20 years in Europe [1]. This is probably related both to the improvement of life expectancy in cirrhotic patients and the increased incidence of cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis C. HCC incidence greatly varies across Europe from 14/100 000 men/year in Italy to 1.7/100 000 men/y...

BACKGROUND Medical treatments with no direct effect (like homeopathy) or that cause harm (like bloodletting) are common across cultures and throughout history. How do such treatments spread and persist? Most medical treatments result in a range of outcomes: some people improve while others deteriorate. If the people who improve are more inclined to tell others about their experiences than the p...