This paper presents a framework to analyze global alliances and mergers in the airline industry under competition. The framework can help airlines identify partners and network structures, and help governments predict changes in social welfare before accepting or rejecting proposed mergers or alliances. The research combines profit-maximizing objectives to cost-based network design formulations...

predictions of the black-hole growth of SMGs and quasars. What was the catalyst for the rapid black-hole and stellar growth seen in SMGs? Rest-frame ultraviolet images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope have shown that a considerably larger fraction of SMGs are in major mergers (that is, the merging of two galaxies of comparable masses) than has been found in the coeval galaxy population. Hydr...

The impact of innovation on mergers has been a source of debate in merger enforcements. Innovative firms influence market structure by changing merger decisions, as mergers provide resources for commercialization of innovation and capturing knowledge spillovers. However, there is a limited empirical evidence on the innovation induced changes of merger likelihood. We construct panel data of merg...

Gravitational interactions and mergers affect the morphologies and dynamics of galaxies from our Local Group to the limits of the observable universe. Observations of interacting galaxies at low redshifts (z ∼< 0.2) yield detailed information about many of the processes at work. I briefly review these processes and the growing evidence that mergers play a major role in the delayed formation of ...

The merger of vowels in a language over time has been a productive area of study, yet how these changes arise remains an ongoing matter of debate. A generally accepted hypothesis is that mergers arise within individuals, who are thought to become merged over time as a result of contact with other merged individuals. A further prediction states that unconditioned mergers, such as the low back me...

Clusters of galaxies generally form by the gravitational merger of smaller clusters and groups. Major cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe since the Big Bang. Some of the basic physical properties of mergers will be discussed, with an emphasis on simple analytic arguments rather than numerical simulations. Semi-analytic estimates of merger rates are reviewed, and a simp...

Clusters of galaxies generally form by the gravitational merger of smaller clusters and groups. Major cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe since the Big Bang. Some of the basic physical properties of mergers will be discussed, with an emphasis on simple analytic arguments rather than numerical simulations. Semi-analytic estimates of merger rates are reviewed, and a simp...

The purpose of this report is to contribute to the analysis of two questions. Should a merger control system take into account efficiency gains from horizontal mergers, and balance these gains against the anti-competitive effects of mergers? If so, how should a system be designed to account for efficiency gains? The report is based on a report to the European Commission. To help answer the two ...

We present a large set of merger simulations of early-type disc galaxies with mass ratios of 1:1 and 3:1 and 10% of the total disc mass in gas. The internal orbital structure and the kinematic and photometric properties of the remnants are analysed in detail and compared to pure stellar mergers. In contrast to the collisionless case equal-mass mergers with gas do not result in very boxy remnant...