Bitumen from north-eastern Mesopotamian seeps was exchanged across the Tigris and Euphrates in antiquity. Nonetheless, recent research proposed a decline its trade during Bronze Age alongside boost of central (Hit) trade. This paper presents new provenance studies ancient bitumen recovered at Tell Lashkir, 4th-2nd millennium BC settlement between lower upper Zab tributaries. The novel applicati...

Iraqis through the periods considered Palm trees most generous not only for their grandeur and lofty. They produce dates of variegated types which is one important nutrients sustainable human life because it contains essentials healthy life. In initial phase, Iraqi artists drew on pottery simple bands similar to a palmette but as they progressed, style was developed during Protoliterate period ...

Veneration of the planet Venus under the guise of the goddess Inanna is ubiquitous in the earliest temples yet excavated in Mesopotamia. At Uruk, the oldest urban site in the entire Near East, offerings to Inanna/Venus far outnumber those of any other deity. In strata conventionally dated to ca. 3000 BCE (Uruk IV-III), Inanna is already associated with various symbols that would become conspicu...

Medicine in Egypt and Mesopotamia then attract the attention of the European scholar. India, China and Arabia come next. Greece and Rome are considered a little later. Then come the early Christian era from 1 A.D. to 500 A.D., the Middle Ages from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. and lastly the modem era from 1500 A.D. All the periods have got their rituals and ideologies maturing ultimately into the pres...