The principles of atonal pitch organization are still in large part unknown. The reason why they are unknown is also unknown. The present paper addresses this methodological problem. The paper first examines roles of metaphor in the theory of tonal accentual patterns and examines the way we handle music-theoretical issues with metaphor. Metaphorical expressions are used to classify and designat...

While the ubiquity and importance of nonliteral language are clear, people’s ability to use and understand it remains a mystery. Metaphor in particular has been studied extensively across many disciplines in cognitive science. One approach focuses on the pragmatic principles that listeners utilize to infer meaning from metaphorical utterances. While this approach has generated a number of insig...

Emergence of creative ideas often involves sudden linking of unrelated ideas. Here we demonstrate that the production of insights about novel metaphor was preceded by prolonged visual inspection of metaphorical sentences. The participants made free spoken responses in a task requiring the generation of semantic interpretations about visually presented sentences, where gaze locations were contin...

inferences as metaphorical spatial inferences Spatial inferences are characterized by the topological structure of image-schemas. We have seen cases such as CATEGORIES ARE CONTAINERS and LINEAR SCALES ARE PATHS where image-schema structure is preserved by metaphor and where abstract inferences about categories and linear scales are metaphorical versions of spatial inferences about containers an...

Languages often use spatial terms to talk about time. FRONT-BACK spatial terms are the terms most often imported from SPACE to TIME cross-linguistically . However, in English there are two different metaphorical mapping systems assigning FRONT BACK to events in time. This research examines the psychological reality of the two mapping systems: specifically, we ask whether subjects construct glob...

People speak metaphorically about abstract concepts-for instance, a person can be "full of love" or "have a lot of love to give." Over the past decade, research has begun to focus on how metaphors are processed during language comprehension. Much of this work suggests that understanding a metaphorical expression involves activating brain and body systems involved in perception and motor control...

An approach to sense extension tailored for polysemy associated with non-literal language expanded to include belief revision generally. The relationship between metaphor and genericity as rhetorical devices is discussed, and both are accounted for as related species within the same framework of dynamic semantics. The theoretical apparatus is related to a dominant theory of metaphor interpretat...

A detailed approach has been developed for core aspects of the task of understanding a broad class of metaphorical utterances. The utterances in question are those that depend on known metaphorical mappings but that nevertheless contain elements not mapped by those mappings. A reasoning system has been implemented that partially instantiates the theoretical approach. The system, called ATT-Meta...

Automatic processing of metaphor can be clearly divided into two subtasks: metaphor recognition (distinguishing between literal and metaphorical language in a text) and metaphor interpretation (identifying the intended literal meaning of a metaphorical expression). Both of them have been repeatedly addressed in NLP. This paper is the first comprehensive and systematic review of the existing com...

We present a novel approach to metaphor interpretation and a system that produces literal paraphrases for metaphorical expressions. Such a representation is directly transferable to other applications that can benefit from a metaphor processing component. Our method is distinguished from the previous work in that it does not rely on any hand-crafted knowledge about metaphor, but in contrast emp...