Due to their non-toxic nature, biodegradability and production from renewable resources, research has shown an increasing interest in the use of biosurfactants in a wide variety of applications. This paper reviews the characterization of rhamnolipid and sophorolipid biosurfactants based on their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity and their ability to form microemulsions with a range of oils without ...

This work aims to clarify the influence of aging temperature and time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Ti­Nb alloy for biomedical applications. The ingot of Ti­27Nb­2Ta­3Zr alloy was subjected to the arc melting, hot-forging and heat treatment respectively. Microstructure characterization was investigated by optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electr...

In this paper effect of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of cold work tool steels at various combination of heat treatment cycle (process sequence) are studied. The material selected for these processes are AISI D2 and D3.Cryogenic treatment is commonly referred as cryotreatment, is an add-on process to the conventional heat treatment of tool steel. Cryogenic treatment improves hard...

Materials that consist of a random microstructure can affect ultrasonic measurements--reducing signal strength, increasing noise, and reducing measurement accuracy--through scattering and aberration of the acoustic field. To account for these adverse effects a phase screen model, alongside the stochastic wave equation, has been developed. This approach allows the field and study aberrations to ...

The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances made in the determination and calculation of improved bounds on the effective properties of random heterogeneous media that depend upon the microstructure via n-point correlation functions. New breakthroughs made in the quantitative characterization of the microstructure of heterogeneous materials are also reviewed. The following f...

BACKGROUND Substrate accessibility to catalysts has been a dominant theme in theories of biomass deconstruction. However, current methods of quantifying accessibility do not elucidate mechanisms for increased accessibility due to changes in microstructure following pretreatment. RESULTS We introduce methods for characterization of surface accessibility based on fine-scale microstructure of th...

Ni-Mn-Ga is a ferromagnetic shape memory alloy that deforms by twin boundary motion. The magneto-mechanical properties depend strongly on the twin microstructure. A thermomechanical treatment was applied to a Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal with coexisting 10M and 14M martensite structures to create twin boundaries and align the short crystallographic c direction preferentially perpendicular to the sur...

Muddy intercalation is one kind of rock’s secondary structural surface, where the failure of instability between strata occurred. Mechanical behaviour of muddy intercalation directly affects the stability of the rock mass. Starting from the micro-structure of Muddy intercalation, revealing its macroscopic mechanical characteristic is of great significance to the stability and optimization desig...

This paper is about how to estimate the integrated covariance 〈X,Y 〉T of two assets over a fixed time horizon [0, T ], when the observations of X and Y are “contaminated” and when such noisy observations are at discrete, but not synchronized, times. We show that the usual previous-tick covariance estimator is biased, and the size of the bias is more pronounced for less liquid assets. This is an...

Fluorinated carbon-based thin films offer a wide range of properties for many technological applications that depend on the microstructure of the films. To gain a better understanding on the role of fluorine in the structural formation of these films, CFx systems based on graphenelike fragments were studied by first principles calculations. Generally, the F concentration determines the type of ...