Minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws provide an example of how scientific research can support effective public policies. Between 1760 and 1765, 27 States lowered their MLDAs8 subsequently, scientists found that traffic crashes increased significantly among teenagers. Alcohol use among youth is related to many problems, including tr a f fic c r a sh e s , d r o wn i ng s , v a n d a l ism , a...

This paper summarizes specific features of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide particles. Supercritical water allows control of the crystal phase, morphology, and particle size since the solvent's properties, such as density of water, can be varied with temperature and pressure, both of which can affect the supersaturation and nucleation. In this review, we describe the advantag...

Classical methods offer many possibilities to generate powders. Where very small particle sizes especially in spherical shape are required, or highly viscous substances have to be reduced, the limits of traditional processes are reached soon. The solution can be found in high-pressure processes. The PGSS (Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions) process e.g. is suitable for the micronisation of ...

abstract the penal legal procedure is a certain mechanism to find out the crime with respect to the behavior of the accused and the guilty. this mechanism must ensure the principles which guarantee justice and fairness, and provide the individual rights and freedoms that are the extreme goal of every just fair legal procedure. so in the proper execution of islamic commands, the necessity of obs...

Falsification of reports on Japanese catches of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) is known to have occurred at both land whaling stations and in North Pacific factory fleets. Here, we conduct an analysis of pelagic sperm whale catches in the Southern Hemisphere: we compare true Soviet length data from the Yuri Dolgorukiy factory fleet during 1960-1975 to data for the same period reported to...

We study antitrust enforcement that channels price-fixing incentives through setting fines and allocating resources to detection activities. Antitrust fines obey four legal principles: punishments should fit the crime, proportionality, bankruptcy considerations, and minimum fines. Bankruptcy considerations limit maximum fines, ensure abnormal cartel profits and impose a challenge for optimal an...

We study antitrust enforcement in which the fine must obey four legal principles: punishments should fit the crime, proportionality, bankruptcy considerations, and minimum fines. We integrate these legal principles into an infinitely-repeated oligopoly model. Bankruptcy considerations ensure abnormal cartel profits. We derive the optimal fine schedule that achieves maximal social welfare under ...

Fitness and rates of extinction were compared among populations of the housefly, Musca domestica L., kept either at constant effective sizes of 50, 500 or 1500 or passed through extreme founder events reducing effective size to 5. Populations were maintained for 24 generations, which for small to medium-sized mammals would be less than the 200 years suggested by Soulé et al. (1986) as necessary...

Let us call a G (H, k) graph vertex stable if it contains a subgraph H ever after removing any of its k vertices. By Q(H, k) we will denote the minimum size of an (H, k) vertex stable graph. In this paper, we are interested in finding Q(C3, k), Q(C4, k), Q(K1,p, k) and Q(Ks, k).

A graph G is said to be H-saturated if G is H-free i.e., (G has no subgraph isomorphic to H) and adding any new edge to G creates a copy of H in G. In 1986 L. Kászonyi and Zs. Tuza considered the following problem: for given m and n find the minimum size sat(n;Pm) of Pm-saturated graph of order n. They gave the number sat(n;Pm) for n big enough. We deal with similar problem for bipartite graphs.