Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are considered as a powerful tool for drug and chemical screening and development of new in vitro testing strategies in the field of toxicology, including neurotoxicity evaluation. These cells are able to expand and efficiently differentiate into different types of neuronal and glial cells as well as peripheral neurons. These human cells-based neuro...

background: dendritic cells (dcs) are the most potent stimulators of primary t cell responses and play a key role in immune reactions after stem cell transplantation. very little is known about the cord blood (cb) dendritic cells and their potential involvement in the low incidence and lower severity of acute graft-versus-host disease after cb transplantation.   objectives: the aim of this stud...

Neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) release extracellular vesicles (EVs) to interstitial fluid brain spinal cord parenchyma. EVs contain proteins, nucleic acids lipids that can be taken up by, modulate behaviour of, neighbouring recipient cells. The functions have been extensively studied in context neurodegenerative diseases. However, mechanisms involved EV-mediated neu...

Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms divided into two broad categories, glial and non-glial. Non-glial tumors are derived from such diverse structures as the pineal gland, meninges, germ cells, and hematopoietic cells, as well as metastases. Primary glial neoplasms, or those which originate from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or ependymal cells, include astr...

The central nervous system response to injury includes astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy as well as microglial activation and proliferation. However, not all glial cells enter the cell cycle following damage, and the mechanism that determines which glial cells will proliferate and which will remain quiescent has yet to be elucidated. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation has been shown to play...

Among the 20 proposed members of the connexin family of proteins that form gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) channels in mammalian tissues, over half are reported to be expressed in the nervous system. There have been conflicting observations, however, concerning the particular connexins expressed by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and neurons. Identification of the ...

Adult neurogenesis, a concept emergent in the late 1990s, is the generation of new neurons in the adult brain. This process occurs thank to cells who have this proliferative feature, named as Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) are primary progenitors who can generate the two neural types (neurons and glia). Classically it was assumed that NSCs are only present in the embryo, but...

Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor is unique for communicating hydrocephalus, diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement, cystic changes, absence of tumor cells in cerebral spinal fluid, and a cell population of both glial and neuronal copositivity. It has likely been misdiagnosed as mixed glioneuronal tumors, oligodendrogliomas, and neuroepithelial tumors. Children with signs of this tumor are ...