The standard view of English reduced auxiliaries takes them to be (postlexical) clitics (Kaisse 1983). However, Spencer (1991) puts forward some persuasive arguments that a subset of these forms, the non-syllabic reduced auxiliaries, are actually aaxes (tense innec-tions) rather than clitics, while the syllabic reduced auxiliaries are post-lexical clitics. We accept the logic of Spencer's posit...

The ability to explain the occurrence of errors in children’s speech is an essential component of successful theories of language acquisition. The present study tested some generativist and constructivist predictions about error on the questions produced by ten English-learning children between 2 and 5 years of age. The analyses demonstrated that, as predicted by some generativist theories [e.g...

The Chinese negation marker bu ‘not’ is analyzed as a clitic-like element in the literature (Huang 1988; Ernst 1995; etc.) in order to explain why it cannot co-occur with (i) the perfective marker -le or (ii) manner phrases in the V-de construction. Huang (1988) assumes that bu must cliticize onto auxiliaries/modals or the following verb, and since bu cliticizing directly to a verb induces a ‘‘...

1. INTRODUCTION. This paper discusses whether there are elements in colloquial Sinhala that can be appropriately labeled AUXILIARY verbs, and what evidence there is to motivate such a label. While auxiliaries are thought of as a nearly universal lexical category (Steele 1978), the term is not mentioned in standard works on Sinhala (Gair & Paolillo 1997, Gair 1998), which warrants a closer exami...

The synthesis of several novel chiral phosphoramidite ligands (L1-L8) with C(2) symmetric, pseudo C(2) symmetric secondary amines and chiral Brønsted acids 1a,b has been achieved. These chiral auxiliaries were obtained from commercially available d-mannitol, and secondary amines in moderate to excellent yields. Excellent diastereoselectivites of ten chiral auxiliaries were obtained. The chiral ...

Competing definitions of justice in Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Politics indicate the existence two distinct economic systems with different priorities. The three-class society Platonic economy (guardians, auxiliaries, producers) gives rise to guardians who by virtue are expected enforce output targets on producers directly or through auxiliaries. Aristotelian (rich, middle, poor) facilita...

A microwave assisted method for the synthesis of some typical 4-substituted oxazolidinone chiral auxiliaries used in asymmetric synthesis is reported in this work. Under these conditions, treatment of (S)-phenylalaninol, (S)-phenylglycinol, (S)-valinol and (1S, 2R)-norephedrine with ethyl carbonate or carbon disulfide under the appropriate and specific microwave reaction conditions, led to an e...

A large literature has been devoted to the distribution of reduced forms of English auxiliary verbs, apparently just weak forms of the corresponding full auxiliaries. Limitations on their distribution appear to involve syntactic conditions, such as that they not occur in positions immediately followed by the trace of a displaced element, which would put these elements in a class apart from pure...

Auxiliary health workers, if their duties are strictly defined and appropriately supervised, can efficiently extend the services of professionals to large and isolated populations. Their use is not limited to rural populations, but it is the rural context that most dramatically highlights the auxiliaries’ possibilities for service. This article reports the control of tetanus in one rural area, ...