Contents 1. Introduction 2. The need for policy instruments 3. The Range of Policy Options 4. The Selection and Design of Policy Instruments 4.1. Efficiency with heterogeneous abatement costs 4.2. Difficult monitoring of emissions (but complementarity with products) 4.3. Efficiency with heterogeneous damage costs 4.4. Uncertainty in damage costs and efficiency 4.5. Inter-temporal efficiency wit...

this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...

This article shows how sustainability indicators (SIs) which have proliferated, and downscaled planetary boundaries (DPBs) recently emerged, can be used to target remedial interventions. I offer an integrative analysis drawing upon the existing literature, challenging, clarifying, amending it in some ways, extending with new insights. The exposition is couched example of pollution control, but ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose alone or with additional training in incorporating the results into self care, in addition to standardised usual care for patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Incremental cost utility analysis from a healthcare perspective. Data on resource use from the randomised controlled diabetes glycaemic ...

OBJECTIVE To compare the cost of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) with the putative savings made through treatment avoided by identification and non-treatment of those with "white coat" hypertension. DESIGN A cost analysis based on a model of four alternative strategies (no ABPM, yearly, two-yearly, or three-yearly monitoring) over a seven-year period applied to a case series from ...

In this study, a system for monitoring the structural health of bridge deck and predicting various possible damages to this section was designed based on measuring the temperature and humidity with the use of wireless sensor networks, and then it was implemented and investigated. A scaled model of a conventional medium sized bridge (length of 50 meters, height of 10 meters, and with 2 piers) wa...