Generating realistic-looking but interesting terrains quickly is a great challenge. We present RiverLand, an efficient system for terrain synthesis. RiverLand creates a realistic-looking terrain by first generating river networks over the land. Then, the terrain is created to be consistent with the river networks. In this way, the terrains created have a proper drainage basin, an important feat...

The shape of the Earth's surface, its topography, is a fundamental dimension of the environment, shaping or mediating many other environmental flows or functions. But there is a major divergence in the way that topography is conceptualized in different domains. Topographic cartographers, information scientists, geomorphologists and environmental modelers typically conceptualize topographic vari...

Topographic development in mountainous landscapes is a complex interplay between tectonics, climate and denudation. Glaciers erode valleys to generate headwall relief, and hillslope processes control the height and retreat of the peaks. The magnitude-frequency of these landslides and their long-term ability to lower mountains above glaciers is poorly understood; however, small, frequent rockfal...

Intersite variation in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) inoculum potential in soils from 16 sites located in arid subalpine areas of the White Mountains of California was quantified. The study sites included valleys dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and mountainsides dominated by ancient Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva Bailey). ECM inoculum potential was not detected at ...

Basically, this paper says that if you want to reach the top of a mountain, you should keep it in focus, which is obvious. It also says that the topology of mountains is not the same at their top than in the valleys, which is something also obvious. It says that going from the valley up to a certain altitude is rather easy and within the ability of most people, but going higher is more diicult ...

Alpine glaciation and river incision control the topography of mountain ranges, but their relative contributions have been debated for years. Apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry tightly constrains the timing and rate of glacial erosion within one of the largest valleys in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. Five proximate samples require accelerated denudation of the Klinakl...

How do we most quickly fold a paper strip (modeled as a line) to obtain a desired mountain-valley pattern of equidistant creases (viewed as a binary string)? Define the folding complexity of a mountain-valley string as the minimum number of simple folds required to construct it. We first show that the folding complexity of a length-n uniform string (all mountains or all valleys), and hence of a...

Linking snow cover frequency (SCF) and atmospheric circulation is vital for comprehension of hemispheric-scale change mechanisms accurate forecasting. This study combined MODIS imagery with meteorological observations to investigate the variation annual SCFs in Qilian Mountains. Results indicated that more than 80% SCF distributed at high elevations mostly on northern slopes, greater west east....

Thermally driven downslope flows were investigated on a low-angle (1.6°) slope on the west side of the floor of Utah’s Salt Lake Valley below the Oquirrh Mountains using data from a line of four tethered balloons running down the topographic gradient and separated by about 1 km. The study focused on the evolution of the temperature and wind structure within and above the slope flow layer and it...

The Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH) is a mountain system of extremes with great influence over the Asian continent. The system stretches 3,500 km over eight countries, from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar in the east. It is the world’s largest and highest mountain system, with more than 30 peaks measuring over 7,600 m. It is also the youngest mountain system on Earth and still tectonically active...