Apomorphine administered subcutaneously has provided clinicians with an effective option for the rapid resolution of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) for over a quarter of a century. It is available for use either as an intermittent injection or a continuous infusion, depending on the severity of the patient’s symptoms. This satellite symposium, held during the 18th International Congre...

The emergence of the behavioral syndrome known as impulse control disorder (ICD) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has increasingly been associated with dopamine agonist (DAA) use. Clinical reports emphasize the presence of excessive, disruptive, and ‘atypical’ behaviors in PD patients that resolve after discontinuation or reductions of DAA therapy. The severity of these behaviors has resulted in a h...

Movement disorders are neurological conditions affecting speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat advanced Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Possible target sites for DBS include the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus, the globus pallidus internus, and the subthalamic nucleus. High-frequency DBS leads to a kind of ...

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a degenerative disease manifesting any combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar, pyramidal, and autonomic (including urinary, sexual and anorectal) dysfunction. It is pathomorphologically defined by a typical distribution of neuron loss and gliosis, as well as by cytoplasmic oligodendroglial inclusions, but lacks a definitive clinical diagnostic test. As it may m...

237 Movement disorders are a common expression of neurological diseases of varied etiology. The clinical recognition of the movement disorder is a vital first step, towards diagnosis and treatment. Therapeutic options are however, still far from satisfactory and so the search is on to understand the neurological basis and etiopathological mechanisms that underlie these diseases to effect better...

Many examples in medicine show that therapies are most effective when measurement is used to guide their implementation, dose and effects. There are effective symptomatic therapies for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, which improve quality of life and have a health economic justification for their subsidisation. As measurement should lead to more effective deployment of these therapie...

The neurobiological basis of psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs) has been elusive, and they remain difficult to treat. In the last few years, functional neuroimaging studies have provided insight into their pathophysiology and neural correlates. Here, we review the various methodological approaches that have been used in both clinical and research practice to address neural correlates of func...

Many different types of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders have been reported after ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. We searched the Medline database from 1966 to February 2008, retrieving 2942 articles from which 156 relevant case reports, case series and review articles were identified. The papers were then further reviewed and filtered and secondary references found. Here we r...

We review the Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program, which started in 1968 and has had the dual goals of patient care and research. The clinics are structured to collect research-worthy data including videos, longitudinal follow-up, and autopsy studies of patients seen in the clinics. At every clinic visit, the patient is evaluated by one or both authors. A total of 25% to 30% of the deceased...

Movement disorders include both psychiatric illnesses with neurologic features and neurologic illnesses with frequent psychiatric complications. During 1998, neuropsychiatric progress was made on several fronts, notably in parkinsonism and tic disorders. This remains an exciting area for research, with many unsolved, clinically important problems, but increasing neurobiologic knowledge and soph...