This art icle discusses three theories and approaches in the f ield of counselling that have the potent ial to advance understanding of counselling processes. One, developed within educat ional psychology and f irst published in 1983, is Gardner’s theory of mult iple intelligences (MI) (Gardner, 1983, 2006). Gardner argued against a one-dimensional view of intelligence, in favour of a pluralist...

l2 learners’ individual differences are crucial factors that deserve attention in l2 education. focusing on 2 main areas of individual differences (i.e., field (in)dependence and multiple intelligences), this study explored their relationships with l2 reading performance. participants were 64 tefl undergraduates and postgraduates. to assess the participats’ degree of field (in)dependence and mu...

L2 learners’ individual differences are crucial factors that deserve attention in L2 education. Focusing on 2 main areas of individual differences (i.e., field (in)dependence and multiple intelligences), this study explored their relationships with L2 reading performance. Participants were 64 TEFL undergraduates and postgraduates. To assess the participats’ degree of field (in)dependence and mu...

The study aims to identify the types of metacognitive awareness as well as Multiple Intelligences with Taiwanese EFLs (English as Foreign Language) at medical junior colleges. In addition, metacognitive awareness and multiple intelligences were investigated to discover whether or not both factors affect students’ English reading performance, specifically in reading comprehension. A total of 454...

There is no universally accepted de nition for intelligence among educators and psychologists. One (early) viewpoint regards intelligence as a unitary trait which can be measured by a single IQ test score (such as Binet & Simon, 1905; Terman, 1925). This view has now largely been replaced by the multiple-intelligence conceptions (such as Guilford, 1967; Renzulli, 1986; Gardner, 1983). We have c...