The tests were carried out with the spark timing adjusted to the maximum brake torquetiming in various equivalence ratios and engine speeds for gasoline and natural gas operations. In thiswork, the lower heating value of gasoline is about 13.6% higher than that of natural gas. Based on theexperimental results, the natural gas operation causes an increase of about 6.2% brake special fuelconsumpt...

Nowadays one of the most important energy sources is natural gas. By depletion of oil reservoirs in the world, natural gas will emerge as the future energy source for human life. One of the major concerns of gas suppliers is being able to supply this source of energy the entire year. This concern intensifies during more consuming seasons of the year when the demand for natural gas increases, r...

the mixing behavior of the gas-liquid phase in three loop bioreactors was investigated. a gas-induced external airlift loop bioreactor (ealb), a forced-liquid vertical tubular loop bioreactor (vtlb) and a forced-liquid horizontal tubular loop bioreactor (htlb) were used for mixing studies as well as biomass production from natural gas. the effect of design parameters, riser to downcomer cross s...

The present sought to draw a comparison between Model Predictive Control performance and two other controllers named Simple PI and Selective PI in controlling large-scale natural gas transport networks. A nonlinear dynamic model of representative gas pipeline was derived from pipeline governing rules and simulated in SIMULINK® environment of MATLAB®. Control schemes were designed to provide a s...

Gas compressibility factor (z-factor) is an important parameter widely applied in petroleum and chemical engineering. Experimental measurements, equations of state (EOSs) and empirical correlations are the most common sources in z-factor calculations. However, these methods have serious limitations such as being time-consuming as well as those from a computational point of view, like instabilit...

Kinetics of single cell protein production from natural gas by a microorganism (a Methylomonas sp.) was studied experimentally and by modeling at equal amount of air and natural gas. Kinetic models of Monod, Moser, Teissier, Aiba, Andrews, and Noack were used for illustrating cell growth. Methane and oxygen were considered as limited substrates with concentration in the range 2-10 mg/lit. Death...

Natural gas is seen by many as the future of American energy: a fuel that can provide energy independence and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the process. However, there has also been confusion about the climate implications of increased use of natural gas for electric power and transportation. We propose and illustrate the use of technology warming potentials as a robust and transparent way...

Natural gas has an increasing role in Chinese energy transformation. We present a system dynamics model of the natural gas industry in China. A new system dynamics model for natural gas companies based on reserve exploration and well construction as well as investment dynamics is proposed. The contribution of the paper is to analyze the influence of technology, investment and policy factors on ...