We present a logic for the reasoning about necessity and justifications which is independent from relational semantics. We choose the concept of justification – coming from a class of Justification Logics (Artemov 2008, Fitting 2009) – as the primitive notion on which the concept of necessity is based. Our axiomatization extends Suszko’s non-Fregean logic SCI (Brown, Suszko 1972) by basic axiom...

The necessity calculus is a familiar adjuvant to the possibility calculus and an uncertain inference tool in its own right. Necessity orderings enjoy a syntactical relationship to some probability orderings similar to that displayed by possibility. In its adjuvant role, necessity may be viewed as bringing possibility closer to achieving the quasi-additive normative desideratum advocated by de F...

Telemedicine has been defined as the use of telecommunication technologies like e-mail, wireless tools, and other applications to diagnose and treat a patient’s clinical health status. Different types of services can be provided by telemedicine, such as home telehealth and referral to medical centers. There have been several examples of large-scale disasters over the last few decades with vario...

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce seminormed and semiconormed fuzzy integrals associated with confidence measures. These confidence measures have a field of sets as their domain, and a complete lattice as their codomain. In introducing these integrals, the analogy with the classical introduction of Legesgue integrals is explored and exploited. It is amongst other things shown that our integ...

Dirac measure is an important measure in many related branches to mathematics. The current paper characterizes measure-preserving transformations between two Dirac measure spaces or a Dirac measure space and a probability measure space. Also, it studies isomorphic Dirac measure spaces, equivalence Dirac measure algebras, and conjugate of Dirac measure spaces. The equivalence classes of a Dirac ...

In this paper we consider an intuitionistic modal logic, which we call IS4 2. Our approach is diierent to others in that we favour the natural deduction and sequent calculus proof systems rather than the axiomatic, or Hilbert-style, system. Our natural deduction formulation is simpler than other proposals. The traditional means of devising a modal logic is with reference to a model, and almost ...

1. The Master Argument I will discuss the so-called “Master Argument” attributed to Diodorus Cronos in the light of some contemporary speculations on indexicals. In one version, this argument goes as follows: Premise 1. The past, relative to any time t, is necessary. Premise 2. The impossible cannot follow from the possible. Therefore, Conclusion. The possible is that which either is or will be...

For me the word audit has two meanings. Firstly, the regular study and analysis of facts about patients directly under one's own care; secondly, a more public accounting for practices, errors, and mishaps. The distinotion is more than trivial in my specialty, for while the one may be accepted the other may be equally as strongly resisted or its purpose vitiated by the emotions it arouses. It is...

David Armstrong’s law-maker, nomological necessity (N), is a second order relational universal that holds between state of affairs types, e.g., N(F, G). With only a small proviso, nomological necessity is supposed to instantiate as the causation of its second relatum, G, whenever its first relatum, F, instantiates. — In this paper, I will show that there is some friction within this theory when...