Motivation „ Formal techniques not yet widely adopted by programmers. „ Commercial pressure to produce higher quality software is increasing. Motivation „ Formal techniques not yet widely adopted by programmers. „ Commercial pressure to produce higher quality software is increasing. „ Software developers favour so-called lightweight techniques that provide immediate returns and sit comfortably ...

BACKGROUND Several methods that are currently used for contouring analysis have problems providing reliable and/or meaningful results. In this paper a solution to these problems is proposed in a form of a novel measure, which was developed based on requirements defined for contouring studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS The proposed distance deviation measure can be understood as an extension of th...

We introduce a strategy for the verification of relational specifications based on the analysis of monotonicity of variables within formulas. By comparing with the Alloy Analyzer, we show that for a relevant class of problems this technique outperforms analysis of the same problems using SAT-solvers, while consuming a fraction of the memory SAT-solvers require.

Ultraviolet and blue light were obtained by nonlinear frequency conversion in a random laser (RL) based on Nd0.10Y0.90Al3(BO3)4 nanocrystalline powder. RL operation at 1062 nm, due to the (4)F3/2 → (4)I11/2 transition of neodymium ions (Nd(3+)), was achieved by exciting the Nd(3+) with a tunable beam from 680 to 920 nm covering the ground state absorption transitions to the (4)F9/2, ((4)F7/2,(4...

Bimodal volcanism in the Santa Maria Province of west-central California occurred when segments of the East Pacific Rise interacted with a subduction zone along the California margin during the Early Miocene (about 17 million years ago). Isotopic compositions of neodymium and strontium as well as trace-element data indicate that these volcanic rocks were derived from a depleted-mantle (mid-ocea...

Alloy is a formal modeling language based on first-order relational logic, with no native support for specifying reactive systems. We propose an extension of Alloy to allow the specification of temporal formulas using LTL, and show how they can be verified by bounded model checking with the Alloy Analyzer.

The isotopic composition of neodymium in the water column of the eastern North Atlantic near the Strait of Gibraltar has been determined for several depths. The data show that the Mediterranean outflow results in a significant shift in eNa(0) toward more radiogenic values of ln3Nd/144Nd in the water column at a 1000-m depth. This corresponds to a depth in the neighborhood of the salinity maximu...

There are errors in the Funding section. The correct funding information is as follows: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC31400091) (http://www.nsfc.gov.cn), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK2012202) (http://www.jstd.gov.cn/), Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2013M540518) (http://res.chinapostdoctor.org.cn/BshWeb/index.shtml),...

Abstract With the increasing demand for energy-saving technologies, neodymium-iron-boron magnets have been widely utilized in high-efficiency motors. However, reserves of neodymium, which is a rare earth element (REE), are limited; thus, strategy scaling up REE supply highly required. In this study, scenario assessment was conducted to evaluate effect material recycling neodymium from final pro...

Neodymium enriched TiO2 anatase-brookite powders were prepared by unconventional method via using pressurized hot fluids for TiO2 crystallization and purification. The photocatalysts were tested in the CH3OH photocatalytic decomposition and they were characterized with respect to the textural (nitrogen adsorption), structural (XRD, XPS, and Raman spectroscopies), chemical (XRF), and optical (DR...