Several of the Middle East’s traditional economic institutions hampered its political development by limiting checks on executive power, preventing the formation of organized and durable opposition movements, and keeping civil society weak. They include Islam’s original tax system, which failed to protect property rights; the waqf, whose rigidity hampered the development of civil society; and p...

Voluntary frontier settlement leads to independent agency. Since this type of research has not yet been implemented in ongoing voluntary settlement frontiers, we conducted several cultural tasks to investigate Shenzhen, known as China's ongoing "South Frontier," which is composed mostly of people that have emigrated from other Chinese provinces within the past 30 years. We hypothesized that res...

Genealogical, demographic, and economic data collected in a rural Trinidadian village indicate that: (1) individuals with more land have more offspring, (2) males with more land have higher mating success, (3) young adults with parents resident in the village have higher reproductive success, and (4) the residence o f father has a strong effect on young adult male reproductive success, but appa...

This paper considers the potential role of marriage in improving labor market outcomes through the expansion of an individuals’ networks. I focus on the impact of a father-in-law on a young man’s career using panel data from China. Particular features of the Chinese context allows for an identification strategy that isolates the network effects related to a man’s father-in-law by comparing the ...

The theory of natural selection suggests that animals will do their best to maximize their number of oospring. So why do some young Florida scrub jays stay at the nest and help their parents to raise next year's brood, instead of striking out on their own? Why do most ants, bees and termites remain childless, working tirelessly for the good of their colony? Ever since the landmark work of Hamil...

Tribal fanaticism and lack of transparency is a phenomenon that has invaded contemporary societies, Jordanian society, like other been affected by this dangerous phenomenon. When tribal shifts from the positive side to negative, level classism nepotism increases, deviation correct Islamic foundations increases. Omar bin Abdul Aziz motivated fear God took care citizens, he made sure everyone was...