The goal of this paper is to examine the neural aspect of metaphor. The neural theory of language stems from the cognitive linguistic research and is an effort to comprehend the way neural circuits affect and shape language and thought. Within this framework it is suggested that metaphor serves as the medium through which cultural, abstract and theoretical concepts are acquired. On the other ha...

Merit functions utilized to monitor the convergence of sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methods for nonlinear programs and variational inequality problems have in common that they include a penalty function for the explicit constraints, the value of the penalty parameter for which is subject to the requirement of being large enough compared to estimates of the optimal Lagrange multipliers...

A simple scheme is proposed for handling nonlinear equality constraints in the context of a previously introduced sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm for inequality constrained problems, generating iterates satisfying the constraints. The key is an idea due to Mayne and Polak (Math. Progr., vol. 11, pp. 67{80, 1976) by which nonlinear equality constraints are treated as \"-type con...

BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) bone shapes need to be created for visualization and pre-operative surgery planning. Conventionally such shape data is extracted from volumetric data sets, obtained by three-dimensional sensors, such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This conventional method is highly labor intensive and time consuming. METHODS This paper p...

BACKGROUND Chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a relatively common and potentially serious condition with a limited evidence base for treatment. Specialist treatment for paediatric CFS/ME uses interventions recommended by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) including cognitive behavioural therapy, graded exercise therapy and activity manage...