Precise regulation of signal transduction pathways is crucial for normal animal development and for maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in adults. The Wnt/Frizzled-mediated signaling includes canonical and non-canonical signal transduction pathways. Upregulation or downregulation of the canonical Wnt-signaling (or the Wnt/β-Catenin signal transduction) leads to a variety of human diseas...

Abstract Principles of morphotactics are a major source morphological diversity amongst the world’s languages, and it is well-known that languages exhibit many different types deviation from canonical ideal in which there unique consistent mapping between function form. In this paper we present data Murrinhpatha (non-Pama-Nyungan, northern Australia) demonstrates type non-canonical so far unatt...

This paper considers a method to realize a two-valued input three-valued output function by using a cascade of four-input cells. Decomposition of a group function is used to find a canonical form. We show that the Walsh spectrum specifies the canonical form, and the number of non-zero coefficients in the spectrum is proportional to the number of cells in the cascade. Finally, we show an extensi...

objective: osteoblasts arise from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) present in the bone marrow stroma and undergo further differentiation to osteocytes or bone cells. many factors such as proteins present in the wnt signaling pathway affect osteoblast differentiation. ror2 is an orphan tyrosine kinase receptor that acts as a co-receptor in the non-canonical wnt signaling pathway. howeve...

An increasing number of studies suggest that distinct pools of synaptic vesicles drive specific forms of neurotransmission. Interspersed with these functional studies are analyses of the synaptic vesicle proteome which have consistently detected the presence of so-called "non-canonical" SNAREs that typically function in fusion and trafficking of other subcellular structures within the neuron. T...

This study investigates global properties of literary and non-literary texts. Within the texts, a distinction is made between canonical non-canonical works. The central hypothesis that three text types (non-literary, literary/canonical literary/non-canonical) exhibit systematic differences with respect to structural design features as correlates aesthetic responses in readers. To investigate th...

Prediction of RNA tertiary structure from sequence is an important problem, but generating accurate structure models for even short sequences remains difficult. Predictions of RNA tertiary structure tend to be least accurate in loop regions, where non-canonical pairs are important for determining the details of structure. Non-canonical pairs can be predicted using a knowledge-based model of str...