abstract background: ethics was discussed for many years in medical ethics through rules, theories, hypothesis and religious. there are some organs in iran that working on ethics. department of medical science is one of them that has his own instructions on ethics. this study aims to review some of the challengeable issues in medicine. conclusion: department of ethics in iranian academy of medi...

We studied developmental trends in 5 important reasoning tasks that are critical components of the operational definition of rational thinking. The tasks measured denominator neglect, belief bias, base rate sensitivity, resistance to framing, and the tendency toward otherside thinking. In addition to age, we examined 2 other individual difference domains that index cognitive sophistication: cog...

an ordinary flour-mill behind which the snake lay hidden from view. No effort was made by the parents to kill the animal, which was allowed to run put in their presence and enter into the rubbish heaps about the house; such deadly snakes being held sacred, and worshipped by the ignorant and superstitious Hindus, and not unfrequently cherished with milk and bread put in the holes in which they a...

This study seeks to disentangle claims of institutional and organizational learning theories and to shed light on the impact of Knightian (environmental) uncertainty in discovery opportunities. This article suggests, and fi nds empirical support for, the concept that emerging professional service industries retain high levels of causal ambiguity. High uncertainty interferes with institutional t...

Christianity and Western scientific knowledge have dominated academic research its disciplinary education. At the same time, Indigenous religious traditions been dismissed as a way-of-knowing by dominant power-structures. Since Tribal systems often cannot be easily quantified, they frequently ‘superstitious,’ ‘primitive,’ or ‘unreliable.’ But recent works peoples around world resulted in growin...

This paper presents a justification for Christian theodicy. It starts by critiquing William H. Gass’s depiction of Christianity as superstitious, ignorant, and evil. shows that his view is based on caricature (that is, God quasi-gnostic Demiurge) the understanding evil totally ignores misses contributions (what I call) Classical View theodicy within intellectual tradition from Origen to Karl Ba...