bridges, as an essential part of transportation system, play a special role in economy, politic and military all around the world. serviceability of bridges is of high importance especially in emergencies, helping injured people and proportioning transportation after earthquakes. earthquake regulation codes, normally suggest linear methods to conduct the analysis, and nonlinear analysis is bare...

Acase studywas conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of steel plate shear walls having boundary elements designed by two different philosophies. The first design approach does not guarantee that formation of in-span plastic hinges on horizontal boundary elements (HBEs) will be prevented, whereas the second approach guarantees that plastic hinges can only occur at the ends of HBEs. Pusho...

the writing of iranian architectural history has, from its start, followed the principles of western historiography. portions of this history are well expected to be neglected or unattended when writing of it takes place outside its intellectual framework that essentially reflects the iranian throught world. to have a truly iranian architectural historiography, one has to find the theoretical p...

This paper presents nonlinear elastic dynamic analysis of 3-D semi-rigid steel frames including geometric and connection nonlinearities. The geometric nonlinearity is considered by using stability functions and updating geometric stiffness matrix. The nonlinear behavior of the steel beam-to-column connection is considered by using a zero-length independent connection element comprising of six t...

1369 Fig. 4. x (normalized variable which corresponds to PTT) time history comparison of nonlinear model, linear model, and linear model considering uncertainty. Fig. 5. x (normalized variable which corresponds to TTT) time history comparison of nonlinear model, linear model, and linear model considering uncertainty.

Displacement-based methods are recognized as appropriate approaches to reach the goals of performance-based seismic design method. In the direct displacement-based seismic design method, the seismic yield displacement is applied as one of the important design parameters. In this paper, a new relation is suggested to determine the lateral displacement pattern at first yielding of eccentrically b...

additional dampers are employed in order to decrease the dynamic response of structure against the earthquake and wind loading recently. in this study, two types of systems related to waste of inactive energy, i.e. frictional damper which is categorized in dampers dependent on movement and viscoelastic damper which is categorized in dampers dependent on velocity, in making steel structures resi...