This paper introduces a causation coefficient which is defined in terms of probabilistic causal models. This coefficient is suggested as the natural causal analogue of the Pearson correlation coefficient and permits comparing causation and correlation to each other in a simple, yet rigorous manner. Together, these coefficients provide a natural way to classify the possible correlation/causation...

Evidence based medicine has been a topic of considerable controversy in medical and health care circles over its short lifetime, because of the claims made by its exponents about the criteria used to assess the evidence for or against the effectiveness of medical interventions. The central epistemological debates underpinning the debates about evidence based medicine are reviewed by this paper,...

We describe the construction of a conditional quantum control-not (CNOT) gate from linear optical elements following the program of Knill, Laflamme and Milburn [Nature 409, 46 (2001)]. We show that the basic operation of this gate can be tested using current technology. We then simplify the scheme significantly.

Researchers have estimated differential mortality across socioeconomic groups by classifying individuals using income in the previous year. The first problem with this strategy is reverse causation. Second, annual income is a noisy measure of permanent income. This paper tackles these two drawbacks by using better measures of lifetime earnings from administrative records to classify individuals...

A series of enantiopure MOP-phosphonite ligands, with tailored steric profiles, have been synthesised and are proven to be very successful in high-yielding, regio- and enantioselective catalytic hydrosilylation reactions of substituted styrenes, affording important chiral secondary alcohols.

Using a geometric approach, we derive the minimum number of applications needed for an arbitrary controlled-unitary gate to construct a universal quantum circuit. An analytic construction procedure is presented and shown to be either optimal or close to optimal. This result can be extended to improve the efficiency of universal quantum circuit construction from any entangling gate. In addition,...

It is widely acknowledged that causation entails more than spatial-temporal contiguity or correlation, but efforts to specify that extra component of experience have been elusive. In this paper, we argue that the representation of causal relations is based on the feeling of force as understood through the sense of touch. Grounding causation in people’s sense of touch allows us to address long-s...

We will be thinking dreaming and breathing statistics in this volume To ensure we retain a balanced perspective on life I refer you to the famous American Robert Frost s well known poem The Road Not Taken see end of this article With apologies to Robert Frost rather than focusing on roads not taken we shall brie y consider instead roads we have taken or The Roads Traveled over the year journey ...

We describe the construction of a conditional quantum control-not (CNOT) gate from linear optical elements following the program of Knill, Laflamme and Milburn [Nature 409, 46 (2001)]. We show that the basic operation of this gate can be tested using current technology. We then simplify the scheme significantly.

In his in uential book Making ings Happen (Oxford, ) and in other places, JimWoodward has noted some affinities between his own account of causation and that of Menzies and Price (‘Causation as a secondary quality’, BJPS, ), but argued that the latter view is implausibly ‘subjective’. In this piece I discussWoodward’s criticisms. I argue that theMenzies and Price view is not as different fromW...