We present INCL intra-nuclear cascade and ABLA de-excitation (evaporation/fission) models that can be used to calculate collisions between projectile particles and nuclei at energies from 0.2 to 3 GeV. Supported projectiles are proton, neutron, pions and light ions up to alpha. The optimal target materials range from carbon to uranium. We have extended the INCL model light ion projectile suppor...

The phosphorylation cascade in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is a versatile reaction network motif that can potentially act as a switch, oscillator or memory. Nevertheless, there is accumulating evidence that the phosphorylation response is mostly linear to extracellular signals in mammalian cells. Here we find that subsequent nuclear translocation gives rise to a swit...

Numerous studies have demonstrated that estrogens induce rapid and transient activation of the Src/Erk phosphorylation cascade. Activation of this cascade triggers vital cellular functions including cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the details of the molecular mechanism of this process remain to be elucidated. We have identified a previously uncharacterized nuclear receptor-inte...

Background: Double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most lethal type of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR) that repaired either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) throughout cell cycle or homologous recombination (HR) during S phase and G2 phase. The repair IR-induced DSB through NHEJ HR is partially dependent on AKT. AKT must be present activated in nucleus immediately after irradiation t...

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade plays a central role in intracellular signaling by many extracellular stimuli. One target of the ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. It was previously demonstrated that PPARgamma activity is atten...