In this article, we propose a fuzzy class relation assigning to each pair of finite fuzzy sets a degree to which they are equipollent, which indicates that they have the same number of elements. The concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy classes in the class of all countable sets are introduced, and several standard relations and constructions, such as the fuzzy power set and exponentiation, are defi...

in this research a new approach is proposed for elasto-plastic analysis of structures with truss elements. this method covers both perfectly plastic and hardening properties. the proposed technique uses substituting virtual loads instead of modifying the stiffness matrix. to solve this kind of problems, complementary programming is utilized. numerical examples demonstrate that elastoplastic ana...

a new approach for analyzing cracked problems in 2d orthotropic materials using the well-known element free galerkin method and orthotropic enrichment functions is proposed. the element free galerkin method is a meshfree method which enables discontinuous problems to be modeled efficiently. in this study, element free galerkin is extrinsically enriched by the recently developed crack-tip orthot...

The expansion of the settlement trough is an important factor in the risk assessment of the tunneling induced settlement. The increase of settlement trough requires buildings to be included in the impact zone, which causes damages. This paper conducts estimation of the settlement trough width (STW) using empirical approaches, field measurement data and numerical solutions. The credibility of th...

We present a set of problem frames specialized to the area of geographic applications. Problem frames describe the elements of common problems, and help a specifier understand and decompose a complex problem into simpler subproblems for which a solution is often known. We provide an overview of the main issues in geographic applications, and present twelve frames that address many of the proble...

The present article argues for what is essentially a return to the functionalist approach to investigation of memory. Two experiments demonstrate that the effects of level of processing depend on scaled meaningfulness of the material and study time. Data from those experiments along with data currently in the literature are then reanalyzed to examine the effect of repetitions. Of particular int...

In this paper, first we examine the usual treatment of temporal information and we recall the main features relative to the temporality analysis in texts. Then we deal with the formal representation of calendar expressions, and we provide a functional approach, based on a categorical representation of ordinals. Finally, an ongoing application providing a help for the reading of long biography i...