abstract in the recent decades, the iranian economy has been highly depended on oil revenues. considering the fact that a great part of non-oil exports are agricultures product, studying factors influencing growth of agricultural sector plays an important role in the iran's economy. supply domestic shocks and domestic demand pressure along with deviation of exchange rates from its equilibrium, ...

The layering of protocols in critical infrastructure networks – exemplified by Modbus TCP in the oil and gas sector and SS7oIP in the telecommunications sector – raises important security issues. The individual protocol stacks, e.g., Modbus and SS7, have certain vulnerabilities, and transporting these protocols using carrier protocols, e.g., TCP/IP, brings into play the vulnerabilities of the c...

Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) is an advanced contracting method in which a single party is responsible to complete all the components of the project and further commission it and handover to the client within a predefined cost and agreed timeline. Failure to which, EPC contractor has to pay heavy penalties. There are many risks for both the parties in this arrangement. Proper ...

Hydraulic fracturing—the injection of pressurized fluid, often water, to increase recovery of oil or gas—has become increasingly popular in combination with horizontal drilling. Hydraulic fracturing improves production from a well, but requires a significant amount of water to do so and could put pressure on existing water resources, especially in water-stressed areas. To supply water needs, so...

nowadays, transportation sector consumes about 27 percent of the whole energy in iran. therefore, after domestic and business sectors which consume about 40 percent of the whole energy, transportation is placed in the second rank. however, the financial value of transportation is of the highest importance. moreover, having 55percent of gasoline product consumption transportation has been also r...

Since Oil was discovered at oloibiri in 1956, Nigeria as a nation has experienced significant growth in the oil and gas sector as it now accounts for more than 85% of the country‟s GDP. The growth of this sector with its commercial gains and importance has culminated in the rise of illegal activities by people who attempt to sabotage operations as in the care of militants, terrorists or bunkere...

gas injection into heavy oil reservoirs could result in high ultimate recovery of oil. experimental studies showed that an application of a combined technology of gas assisted gravity drainage (gagd) and vapor extraction (vapex) could increase final oil recovery of a candidate viscous oil reservoir. in this paper the results of laboratory investigation are presented, including pressure-volume-t...

in recent decades energy sector has been most important division in sociopolitical national and international dialogs. policy making in energy sector in iran is a strategic subject because of independency of our national revenue to oil & gas export in one way and huge oil & gas reservoirs in iran (137 billion barrel in oil and 28.3 million cubic meter in gas) in other hand. this paper investiga...