Third-party punishment refers to an individual’s disposition punish wrongdoers who have not directly harmed them. It appears be unique humans and culturally universal. Although this behavioral tendency in adults has been well documented, its ontogeny remains unresolved controversial. In review, I present overview of the developmental literature on third-party intervention or provide insights in...

This short communication describes possible implications of environmental pollution for the onto- and phylopatogenic models that describe etiopathogenic processes along whole ontogeny in transgenerational mode respectively.

The morphological ontogeny of Galumna flagellata Willmann, 1925 is described and illustrated. juveniles this species are light brown, with prodorsal setae medium size or long barbed, ...

In these experiments we have shown that, with the technique adopted, differences in behavior are exhibited by fragments of the heart taken from different localities. The different localities behave in a more or less uniform manner. The pace-making function, for instance, is found at first throughout the cardiac tube but later it is restricted and comes to reside in a special small area at the b...