IMPORTANCE Opioid analgesic overdose mortality continues to rise in the United States, driven by increases in prescribing for chronic pain. Because chronic pain is a major indication for medical cannabis, laws that establish access to medical cannabis may change overdose mortality related to opioid analgesics in states that have enacted them. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the...

objective: it has been shown that silybum marianum or its extracts have hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. nitric oxide (no) plays an important role in neurotransmission, neuroprotection, neurotoxicity and pathological pain, as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system. therefore, this experiment was performed in orde...

Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic with partial agonistic properties at mu-opioid receptors. This study investigated the interaction potential with several full mu-agonists in the tail-flick test in mice. We further examined the reversibility of buprenorphine antinociception by different mu-opioid receptor antagonists. Combination of buprenorphine with morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone...

Opioid receptors of the mu-, delta- and kappa-subtypes mediate the potent analgesic and addictive actions of opioid drugs. They also regulate responses to pain, stress and emotions when activated by endogenous opioid peptides. Recently, mice lacking opioid receptors or opioid peptides have been produced by gene targeting, providing molecular tools to study opioid function in vivo. Observations ...

The relationship between analgesic activity, measured as the hot plate reaction time, and respiratory depression, measured as ventilatory frequency, was investigated in mice for a variety of mu opioid receptor agonists with differing selectivities for mu receptors compared with delta receptors. There was a weak correlation between analgesia and respiratory depression for opioids with the greate...

Background: Enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery (ERATS) protocols use a combination of analgesics for pain control. We investigated the effect non-steroidal analgesic drugs (NSAIDs) on control by comparing patient levels and opioid requirements robotic pulmonary resections.

13 July 2013 T HE administration of intravenous magnesium for postoperative pain has been studied for decades. Some studies have demonstrated statistically significant benefits, whereas others have concluded that there is no efficacy. A meta-analysis by De Oliveira et al.,1 in this issue of AnEStHESiOlOgy, combines the results of many small, inadequately powered studies to provide a big picture...

Mitragynine (1) is a major alkaloidal component in the Thai traditional medicinal herb, Mitragyna speciosa, and has been proven to exhibit analgesic activity mediated by opioid receptors. By utilizing this natural product as a lead compound, synthesis of some derivatives, evaluations of the structure-activity relationship, and surveys of the intrinsic activities and potencies on opioid receptor...

Many analgesic drugs, including μ-opioids, cannabinoids, and the novel nonopioid analgesic improgan, produce antinociception by actions in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). There they activate pain-inhibiting neurons, termed "OFF-cells," defined by a nociceptive reflex-related pause in activity. Based on recent functional evidence that neuronal P450 epoxygenases are important for the cent...